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1

3fubit (£sartex f$rxrttm

Cihmru

l!3umm Mmim-situ

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*■— ■

NEW

VOY

TO

North- America 4

Giving a full Account of the CultemsT
Commerce, Religion, and ftrange O-
pinionsof the Savages of that Country.

with
Political Remarks upon the Courts
of Portugal and Denmark, and the Pre'fent
State of the Commerce of thofc Countries.

Never Printed before.

WRITTEN

By the Baron Lahoni an, Lord
Lieutenant of the French Colony at
Plaeentia in Newfoundland: Now m
England.

vo

L. II.

LO NDON;

?tlZtefJ0t H- Bottom St. PauFs Church-yard ; T (h&mn
Umttm, a.^ in Mut^et; and S, M^jhip ia c^

( 1 )

DISCOURSE

OF THE

Habit, Houfes, Complexion and
Temperament

OF THE

SAVAGES

OF

NORTH-JMERICA

TH E Grecian Chronologers who divi-
ded the courfe of Time into three Pe«
riodsj namely the ilfiM»X#r, or that which
is wrapt up in Obfcurity, the pvQixiv,
alias itmitivy or that which was the feafon of
Fi&ion and Fables, and the \seem* which af-
fords us true and creditable A&ions : Thefe
Chronologers^ I fay, might have fav'd them-
felves the trouble of writing a Thoufand idle
Stories relating to the Original of the Inhabi-
tants of the Earth ,• for the invention of Wri-
ting being unknown to them before the Siege
of Troy9 they had no other Standard to con-
A a fult

HH

2 SWe N^ ^fydgw

fult but the Fabulous Manufcripts of the E-
gyptians and Chaldeans, who were a Phanatick
Superfluous fort of People. But fuppofmg the
Egyptians and Chaldeans to have invented the Art
of Writing, what Credit can we give to the
accounts of things that are faid to have happen'd
before the date of that Invention ? In all pro-
bability they knew no more of the matter than
the Americans, and upon that fcore 'twas very
hard for them to give a faithful Narrative of the
Adventures and Exploits of their Anceftors. I
am now fully convinced that Tradition is fo in-
conftant, oblcure, uncertain and fallacious, that
we cann't pretend to rely upon it. And this
Notion I owe to the Savages of Canada, who
being at a lofs to trace the truth of what has
been tranfacfted in their own Country but 200
Years ago, gave me occafion to call in Queftion
the Purity and Truth of Tradition. Upon this
lay you may eafily apprehend, that thefe poor
People are as little acquainted with their own
Hiftory and Origin, as the Greeks and Chaldeans
were with theirs. Let us therefore content our
felves, my good Friend, in believing that they are
defcended of honeft old Adam, as well as you
and I.

I have read fome Hiftories of Canada, which
were writ at feveral times by the Monks, and
muftown that they have given fome plain and
exad Defcriptions of fuch Countries as they
knew ; but at the lame time they are widely
miftaken in their Accounts of the Manners and
Cuftoms of the Savages. The Recollets brand
the Savages for ftupid, grofs and ruftick Perfons,
uncapable of Thought or Reflection- : But the
Jefuics give them ether fort of Language, for
they intitle them to good Senfe, to a tenacious
Memory, and to a quick Apprehenfion feafon'd

with

to North- America.

3

with a folid Judgment, The former allege that 'tis
to no purpofe to preach the Gofpel to a fort of
People that have lefs Knowledge than the Brutes,
On the other hand the latter ( I mean the Je-
fuits ) give it out, that thefe Savages take Plea-
sure in hearing the Word of God, and readily
apprehend the meaning of the Scriptures. In
the mean time, 'tis no difficult matter to point
to the Reafons that influence the one and the
other to fitch Allegations ; the Myftery is eafily
unraveird by thofe who know that thefe two
Orders cannot fet their Horfes together in Ca~

I have ken fo many impertinent Accounts of
this Country, and thofe written by Authors that
pafs'd for Saints ,• that I now begin to believe,
that all Hiftory is one continued ^Series of Pyr~
rhonifm. Had I been unacquainted with the
Language of the Savages, I might have credi-
ted all that was faid of them ,• but the opportu-
nity I had of Converfing with that People, ferv'd
to undeceive me, and gave me to underftand,
that the Recollets and the Jefuits content them-
selves writh glancing at things, without taking
notice of the ( almoft ) invincible Averfion of
the Savages to the Truths of Chriftianity. Both
the one and the other had good reafon to be
cautious of touching upon that String. In the
mean time fuffer me to acquaint you, that upon
this Head I only fpeak of the Savages of Cana-
da, excluding thofe that live beyond the River
of MiJJifip, of whofe Manners and Cuftoms I
could not acquire a perfedScheme,by reafon that
I was unacquainted with their Languages, not to
mention that I had not time to make any long
ftay in their Country. In the Journal of my
Voyage upon the long River, I acquainted you
that they are a very polite People, which you
A a 2 will

4 Some New Voyages

will likewife infer from the Circumftances men-
tion^ in that Difcourfe.

Thofe who have reprefented the Savages to be
as rough as Bears, never had the opportunity of
feeing them ,• for they have neither Beard nor
Hair in any part of their Body, not fo much as
under their Arm-pits. This is true of both
Sexes, if I may credit thofe who ought to know
better than L Generally they are proper well
made Perfons, and fitter Companions to Ame-
rican than to European Women. The Iroquefe are
of a larger Stature, and withal more Valiant and
Cunning than the other Nations ; but at the
fame time they are neither fo Nimble nor fo
Dexterous at the Exercifes of War or Hunting,
which they never go about but in great Num-
bers. The Ittinefe, the Oumamis, and the Outa-
gatnins^ with feme other adjacent Nations, are of
an indifferent fize, and run like Greyhounds, if
the Comparifon be allowable. The Outaouas, and
moft of the other Savages to the Northward, (ex-
cepting the Sauteurs and the Cllfiinos ) are cow-
ardly, ugly, and ungainly Fellows ,• but the
Hurons are a brave, aftive and daring People,
refembling the Jroyueje in their Stature and
Countenance.

All the Savages are of a Sanguine Conftituti-
on, inclining to an Olive Colour, and generally
fpeaking they have good Faces and proper Per-
fons. 'Tis a great rarity to find any among them
that are Lame, Hunch-back'd, One-ey'd, Blind,
or Dumb. Their Eyes are large and black as
well as their Hair ,• their Teeth are White like
Ivory, and the Breath that fprings from their
Mouth in expiration is as pure as the Air that
they fuck in in Jnfpiration, notwithft.anding they
eat no Bread ,• which fliews that we are miftaken
in Europe, in fancying that the eating of M$at

without

" ■!■■

to North- America.

5

without Bread makes one's breath ftink. They
are neither fo ftrong nor fo vigorous as moft of
the French are in raifing of Weights with their
Arms, or carrying of Burdens on their Backs ;
but to make amends for that, they are indefati-
gable and inur'd to Hardftiips, infomuch that the
Inconveniences of Cold or Heat have no im-
preffion upon them,* their whole time being fpent
in the way of Exercife, whether in running up
and down at Hunting and Fifhing, or in Dan-
cing and playing at Foot-ball, or fuch Games as
require the Motion of the Legs.

The Women are of an indifferent Stature, and
as handfom in the Face as you can well imagine ;
but then they are fo fat, unwieldy and ill-built,
that they'l fcarce tempt any but Savages. Their
Hair is rolled up behind with a fort of Ribband,
and that Roller hangs down to their Girdle j
they never offer to cut their Hair during the
whole Courfe of their Lives, whereas the Men
cut theirs every Month. Twere to be wiflied,
that the fame good luck which led them to the
obfervation of this, had thrown them upon the
other Advices of St. Paul. They are covered
from the Neck to under the Knee, and always
put their Legs a crofs when they fit. The Girls
do the fame from their Cradle ; if the Word be
not improper, for there is no fuch thing as a
Cradle among the Savages. The Mothers make
ufe of certain little Boards fluffed with Cotton,
upon which the Children lye as if their Backs
were glued to them, being fwaddled in Linnen,
and kept on with Swathbands run through the
fides of the Boards. To thefe Boards they
tye Strings, by which they hang their Children
upon the^Branches of Trees, when they are a-
bout any thing in the Woods.

Aa 2

The

Some New Voyages

The old and the married Men have a piece of
Stuff which covers them behind, and reaches
half way down their Thighs before ; whereas
the young Men are ftark naked all over. They
alledge that Nakednefs is no infra&ion upon the
Meafures of Decency, any otherwife than as it
is contrary to the Cuftom of the Europeans, and
condemn'd by the Notion that they have of it.
However, both the young and the old hang up-
on their Backs in a carelefs way a Covering
of Hide or of Scarlet , when they go abroad
to Walk or to make Vifits. They have likewife
a fort of Cloaks or Coats calculated for the
Seafon, when they go a Hunting or upon War-
like Expeditions, in order to guard off the Cold
in Winter, and the Flies in Summer. Upon
fuch occafions they make ufe of a fort of Caps
madeun the form of a Hat, and Shooes of Elk
or Hart Skins, which reach up to their mid-
Leg.

Their Villages are Fortified with double Pa-
liffadoes of very hard Wood, which are as thick
as one's Thigh, and fifteen Foot high, with lit-
tle Squares about the middle of the Courtines.
Commonly their Huts or Cottages are Eighty
Foot long, Twenty five or Thirty Foot deep,
and Twenty Foot high. They are cover'd with
the Bark of young Elms,- and have two Alco-
ves, one on the right Hand and the other
on the left, being a Foot high and nine Foot
broad, between which they make their Fires ,
there being vents made in the Roof for the
Smoak. Upon the fides of the two Alcoves
there are little Clofets or Apartments in which
the young Women or married Perfons lye upon
little Beds rais'd about a Foot from the Ground.
To Conclude, one Hut contains three or four
Families.

The

to North- America. • y

The Savages are very Healthy, and unac-
quainted with an infinity of Difeafes, that plague
the Europeans, fuch as the Palfejr, the Dropfey, the
Gout, thzPhtbifick, the Afihma, the Gravel, and
the Stone : But at the fame time they are liable
to the Small-Vox, and to Thurifies. If a Man
dies at the Age of Sixty Years, they think he
dies young, for they commonly live to Eighty
or an Hundred,- nay, I met with two that were
turnd of an Hundred feveral Years. But there
are fome among them that do not live fo long^
becaufe they voluntarily fiiorten their Lives by
poyfoning themfelves, as I fhall ftiew you elfe-
where. In this Point they feem to join iffue
with Zeno and the Stoicks, who vindicate Self-
Murther ; and from thence I conclude., that the
Americans are as great Fools as thefe great Philo-
fophers.

A jbort View of the Humors andCufloms of
the SAVAGES.

THE Savages are utter Strangers to diftin&i-
ons of Property, for what belongs to one
is equally anothers. If any one of them be
in danger at the Beaver Hunting the reft fly to
his Affiftance without being fo much as askU
IfhisFufee burfts they are ready to offer him
their own. If any of his Children be -kill* d or
taken by the Enemy, he is prefently furniflf d
with as many Slaves as he hath occafion for. Mo-
ney is in ufe with none of them but thofe that are
Chriftians.who live in the Suburbs of our Towns.
The others will not touch or fo much as look
upon Silver., but give it the odious Nameof the
French Serpent. They'l tell you that amoxigft
A a 4 * m

8 Some New Voyages

us the People Murther, Plunder, Defame,and be-
tray one another, for Money, that the Husbands
make Merchandize of their Wives, and the Mo-
thers of their Daughters, for theLucre of that Me-
/l . j l y think k Accountable that one Man
{"0lrd j more than another, and that the
Rich mould have more Refped than the Poor.
In fhort, they fay, the name of Savages which
we beltow upon them would fit our felves bet-
ter, fince there is nothing in our Atfions that
bears an appearance of Wifdom. Such as have
been in France were continually teazing us with
the Faults and Diforders they obferv'd in our
Towns, as being occafion'd by Money. 'Tis in
vain to remonftrate to them how ufeful the Di-
ftiniaon of Property is for the fupport of a So-
ciety : They make a Jeft of what's to be faid on
that Head. In fine, they neither Quarrel nor
*ight, nor Slander one another. They feoff at
Arts and Sciences, and laugh at the difference
of Degrees which is obferv'd with us. They

uT rS-r0r. Slaves> and cal1 us miferable Souls,
whole Life is not worth having, alledging, That
we degrade our felves in fubjeaing our felves to
one Man who poffefles the whole Power, and is
bound bynoLaw but his own Will,That we have
continual Jars among our felves ; that our Chil-
dren rebel againft their Parents,- that we Impri-
lon one another, and publickly promote our own
Deftruftion, Befides, they value themfelves a-
bove any thing that you can imagine, and this is
?„? theyalways give for't, That one's at
much Mafier as another, and fince Men are all made
of the fame clay there field he no Diftinaion or S(t-
perwnty among them. They pretend that their
contented way of Living tar furpaffes our
Jsjcnes ,• That all our Siences are not i'o valu-
able as the Art of leading a peaceful calm Life ,•

That

to North- America. 9

That a Man is not a Man with us any father than
Riches will make him ; but among them the true
Qualifications of aMan are, to run well, to hunt,
to bend the Bow and manage the Fuzee i to
work a Cannoo , to underftand War, to know
Forrefts, to fubfift upon a little, to build Cotta-
ges, to tell Trees, and to be able to travel an
hundred Leagues in a Wood without any Guide,
or other Provifion than his Bow and Arrows.
They lay, we are great Cheats in felling them
bad Wares four times dearer than they are worth,
by way of Exchange for their Beaver-skins : That
our Fuzees are continually burfting and laming
them, after they have paid fufficient Prices for
them. I wifh I had time to recount the innume-
rable Abfurdities they are guilty of relating to our
Cuftoms, but to be particular upon that Head
would be a Work of Ten or Twelve
Days.

Their Victuals are either Boild or roafted, and^
they lap great quantities of the Broath, both of
Meat and of Fiih : They cannot bear the tafte of
Sak or Spices, and wonder that we are able to
live fo long as thirty Year?, confidering curWincs,
our Spices, and our Immoderate Uie ot Women.
They dine generally Forty or Fifty in a Compa-
ny, and fomtimes above Three Hundred : Two
Hours before they begin they employ themfeives
in Dancing, and each Man lings his Explcics,and
thofe of his Anceftors ; they dance but one at a
time, while the reft are fet on the Ground, and
mark the Cadence with an odd Tone. He, He, He,
He ; after which every one riles and dances in Lis
turn.

The Warriers attempt nothing without the Ad-
vice of the Council, which is compofed or the
Old Men of the Nation j thru is to fey3 fuch as
are above Sixty: Before they are ailembied a

Cryer

i o Some New Voyages

Oyer gives notice of it through all the Streets in
the Village : Then thefe old Old Men run to a
certain Cottage defign'd for that purpofe, where
they feat themfelves in a Square Figure; and after
they have weigh'd what is propos'd for the bene-
fit of the Nation, the Speaker goes out of the
Cottage, and the Young Men get about him, and
Kften with great attention to the Refolves of the
Old ones, crying out at the end of every Sentence
Thais Good. *

They have feveral
forts of Dances/The prin-
cipal is that of the CW*~
met; the reft are the
Chiefs or Commanders
Dance , the Warriers
Dance , the Marriage
Dance, and the Dance
of the Sacrifice. They
differ from one another
both in the Cadence and

Lli i r , in the LeaPs; but 'tis

impoflible to defcribe them, for that they havefo
httle refemblance to ours. That of the Calumet k
the mod grave and handfome • but they don't per-
form that but upon certain Occafions, *Hi When
Strangers pafs through their Country, or when
their Enemies fend Ambaffadors to treat of a
Peace. If they approach to a Village by Land,
when they're ready to enter, they depute one of
this Number, who advances, and proclaims, that
he brings the Calumet of Peace • the reft flopping
M the mean time, till he calls to them to come:
Then feme of the Young Men march out of the
Village, at the Gate of which they form an Oval
Figure, and when the Strangers are come up to
tnem, they dance all at a time, forming a Second
Oval round him that bears the Calumet : This

Dance

All thefe Dances may be
compared ^Minerva's Pyrrhi-
che. for -while the Savages
dance with a Singular Gravi-
ty, they humour the Cadences
Sf certain Songs, which AchiJ-
hs'sMalitia called Hyperche-
matica. I am at a lofs to in-
form you whether the Savages
bad thefe Songs from the Gre-
cians , or the Grecians from
the Savages.

to North- Am erica.

1 1

Dance continues half an Hour. Then they re-
ceive the Travellers with fome Ceremony, and
conduit them to a Feaft. The Ceremonies are
the fame to thofe that come by Water, with this
difference, that they fend a Canoo to the Foot
of the Village, with the Calumet of Fcace, upon
its Prow, in the fliape of a Maft, and one comes
from the Village to meet 'em. The Dance of
War is done in a Circle, during which the Sava-
ges are feated on the Ground. He that dances
moves from the Right Hand to the Left, finging
in the mean time the Exploits of himfelf and his
Anceftors. At the end of every Memorable A&i-
on, he gives a great Stroke with a Club upon a
Stake plac'd in the middle of the Circle, near
certain Players, who beat Time upon a fort of a
Kettle-Drum • Every one rifes in his turn tofing
his Song : And this is commonly pra&is'd when
they go to War, or are come from it.

The greateft Paffion of the Savages connfts in
the Implacable Hatred they bear to their Ene-
mies ; that is, all Nations with whom they are at
Open War : They value themfelves mightily upon
their Valour,* infomuch that they have fcarce any
regard to any thing elfe. One may fay, That
they are wholly govern'd by Temperament, and
their Society is perfect Mechanifm. They have
neither Laws, Judges, nor Priefts ,• they are na-
turally inclin'd to Gravity, which makes them
very circumfpedl in their Words and Actions.
They obferve a certain Medium between Gayety
and Melancholy. The French Air they could
not away with ; and there was none but the young-
er fort of them that approv'd of our Fafhi-
ons.

I have fccn Savages when they've come a great
way, make no other Compliment to the Family
than, I am arrivd^ I wijh all of you a great deal of

Honour*

■^ ■■■■a

I 2 Sowe New Voyages

Honour. Then they take their Pipe quietly with-
out asking any Queftions : When that's done,
they 1 fay, Heark'e Friend, I am come from fitch a
Place, I faw fuch a Thing, &c When you ask a
Queftion, their Anfweris exceeding concife, nn-
lefs they are Members of the Council ,• otherwife
you'll hear 'era fay, Thais Good ,• That Jignifies
nought ; That's admirable ; That has Reafon in4t •
Thais 'valiant.

If you tell a Father of a Family that his Chil-
dren have fignaliz'd themfelves againft the Ene-
my, and have took feveral Slaves, his Anfwer is
Ihort, Thais Good, without any farther Enquiry
If you tell him his Children are flain, he'll fay iml
mediately, That fignifies nought, without asking how
it happen'd? When ajefuit preaches to them the
Truth of the Chriftian Religion, the Prophecies,
Miracles, &c. they return you, a Thais wonderful',
and no more. When the French tell them of the
Laws of a Kingdom ,• the Juftice, Manners and
Cuitoms of the Europeans , they'll repeat you a
hundred times, Thais reafonable. If you difcourfe
them upon an Enterprife of great importance, or
tfiats difficult to execute, or which requires much
tnouglu, they'll fay, Thai s Valiant, without ex-
plaining themfelves, and will liften to the end of
your Difcourfe with great attention : Yet 'tis to
beobferved, when they're with their Friends in
private they'll argue with as much boldnefs as
thole of the Council. 'Tis very ftrange, that ha:
nog no advantage of Education, but being dire-
fted only by the Pure Light of Nature, they
iaouldbeable to furnifh Matter for a Conference
which often lafts above three Hours, and which
turns upon all manner of Things,- and mould ac-
quit themfelves of it fo well, that I never repen-
ted the time I (pent with thefe truly Natural Phi-
lofophers.

When

to Norf^America.

M

When a Vific is paid to a Savage, at going in
you muft fay, lam come to fee fuch an one: Then Fa-
thers, Mothers, Wives, Children go out, or with-
draw themfeives to an Apartment at one end ot
the Cottage, and be who you will, come not near
you to interrupt your Converfation. The Faihi-
on is for him that is viiited, to offer you to eat,
drink and fmoak ; and one may ufe an entire free-
dom with them, for they don't much mind Com-
pliments. If one means to vifit a Woman, the
Ceremony's the fame; lam come to fee fuch an one j
then every Body withdraws, and you tarry alone
with her you come to fee ,• but you muft not
mention any thing Amorous in the Day time, as
I ftiall inform you elfe where.

Nothing furprizdme more than to obferve the
Quarrels between their Children at play : A little
after they are warm'd, they'll tell one another,
Toti have no Soul, Toure wicked, Toure treacherous : la
the mean time their Companions who make a
Ring about them, hear all quietly, without tak-
ing one fide or t'other till they fall to play again:
If by chance they come to Blows, the reft divide
themfeives into two Companies, and carry ths
Quarrelers home.

They are as ignorant of Geography as of other
Sciences, and yet they draw the moft exad Maps
imaginable ot the Countries they're acquainted
with, for there's nothing wanting in them but the
Longitude and Latitude of Places : They fet
down the True North according to the Pole Star;
The Ports, Harbours, Rivers, Creeks and Coafts,
of the Lakes; theRoads,Mountains,Wcods,Marfh-
es, Meadows,^, counting the diftances by Jour-
neys and Half-journeys of the Warriers, and al-
lowing to every Journey Five Leagues. Thefe Cho-
.rcgrafhical Maps are drawn upon theRind of your
Binh Tree i and when the Old Men hold a Coun-
cil

*4 Some New Voyages

SS: °r Humi^ th^ -l-ays fureto

The Year of the Outaoms, the Outatmis the

leveral other Savages, confifts of Twelve-Synodi-

Thii?MoSl°nthsVWith tWs diff^nce, when

2&f fF* they add one %e<™-

LoTm„ ac make, * UP' which they «U the

*£k T 'J? !u°mc thenCe be§In their Account
S ,u u ter the former Method. AH thefe
Months have very Stable Names,- for Inftance
V/hat we name Mant> thevcall lh?w • »J '
for rhpn ,-k,=,w • , -J a11 tne Worm-Moon ,

tor then theWorms quit the Hallow Chops of the
rrees where they fhelter'd themfelvesin ?t\ eW n
gr. April is call'd * iuwj c/ P/ J" "Jjffigj
Flown and fo of the others. 1 Yay* at
he end of thefe Thirty Month, the next thatfol

Zle ^nTen^ uand "^ counted ft Ex-
ample-_ We 11 fuppofe the Month of March to be

Itl arTu ^-Months, and confequently

ted the Month of .jgrtfj whereas the Lofi Moon
takes place of it, and muft be over before £

Kllhetttf^ aPin' and this MoS
with the others, makes about a Year and an half

th£eCFiS?ny ta^n° Weeks^ thgy ™kS from

Mnnrh? V^ Twemy ?ixth of thefe fort of
Mon h d thatcontains uft tha£f f «

SS tlflT* e^»PP«»nce of theiSSa
, Nl&.> t'l having fimfh'd itsCourfe it become*
almoft invifiblein theMorning -andtnis thev "a

SJSST*?****- Fo'inftance "a Sa-
vage will fay, /«,«,, away thefia f b M h f

aZ%L th\M°mh Indian-Corn (the fame with

and ; 7iFV ^S for the remaining three Days
and a half of the Dead-Moon, during which 'tis

impoffi-

to North-America,, i 5

impoffible to be difcern'd ? they give them tho
Name of the Naked Days. They make as little
ufe of Hours as Weeks, having never got the way
of making Clocks or Watches ; by the help of
which little Inftruments, they might divide the
Natural Day into equal Parts. For this Reafon,
They are forc'dto reckon the Natural Day as well
as the Night, by Quarters, Half, and Three-quar-
ters, the Riling and the Setting-Sun, the Fore-
noon and the Evening. As they have a wonder-
ful Idea of any thing that depends upon the Atten-
tion of the Mind, and attain to an Exacft Know-
ledge of many Things by Long Experience : To
crofsaForeft (Torlnftance) of a Hundred Leagues
in a ftrait Line , without ftraying either to the
Right or Left ,- to follow the Trad of a Man or
Beaft upon the Grafs or Leaves: So they know
the Hour of the Day and Night exadly, even
when it is fo cloudy, that neither Sun nor Stars ap-
pear. I impute this Talent to a fteddy command
of Mind, which is not natural to any but thofe
whofe Thoughts are as little diftra&ed as thefe
Mens are.

They are more furpriz'd to fee fome little Pro-
blemes of Geometry put in Pradice, than we
would be to fee Water turn d into Wine. They
tookmy-Grapbometerfov fomewhatDivine,being un-
able to guefs how we could know the diftance of
Places without meafuring them by Cords or
Rods, without there were fome Supernatural
Affiftance. Longimetry pleas' d them far more
than Altimtry, becaufe they thought it more lie-
ceflary to know the breadth of a River, than
height of a Tree, &c I remember one Day in
a Village of the Outaouas at MijJiUmakinac a Slave
brought into the Cottage where I was, a fort of
Veffel made of a chick piece of foft Wood,
which he had borrowed on purpofe, in which

>ie

\6

Some TSlew Voyages

lie pretended to preferve Mapletree- Water. All
the Savages which faw this Veffel, fell to argu-
inghow much it would hold, and witli that view-
call d for a Pot, and for Water to determine the
matter by Meafuring. The humor took me to
lay with them a Wager of a Treat, that I could
tell the Quantity of Water that would fill it bet-
ter than they. So that finding by my Compu-
tation, that it held about 248 Pots, or therea-
bouts, I went to make the Tryal, and made
them not a little wonder that it fail'd but one
or two Pots; upon which I perfwaded them,
that the Pots that were wanting were fuck'd up
by the new Wood. But what was moft pleafant
they were continually begging me to teach them
Stereometry, that they might make ufe of it up-
on occafion: 'T was to no purpofe to tell them
twas impoffible they mould underftand it, tho'
there were Reafons for't that might convince any
body but Savages. They prefs'd me fo much
to t that I could not be quiet till I was fore'd to
tell them, that no body could do it to Perfedi-
on but the Jefuits.

The Savages prefer your little Convex Glaffes
or two Inches Diemeter to any others, becaufe
they give but a faint Reprefentation of the Pim-
ples and Bloches upon their Faces. I remember
that while I was at Mifdimakinac, one of the
1 edlers call'd Coureurs de Bois, brought a Con-
vex Glafs that was pretty large, and confequent-
ly reprefented the Face with fome Deformity.
All the Savages that faw this Piece of Catop-
trics, thought it no lefs Miaculous than the a-
waker of a Clock, or a Magical Lanthern, or
the Spring of a Marchine. But what was moft
Comical, there was among the reft of the Specta-
tors a Huronefe Girl who told the Pedlar in a io-
cofe way, That if the Glafs had the Vertue of Mag.

nifftng

to North~Americ£

\y

ritffmgthe Objetts really, as it did in appearance y all
her Jhe Companions would gi<Ve him in Exchange as
many .Beaver Skins as. would make his Fortune.

The Savages have the moft happy Memory in
the World. They can carry their Memory fo far
back, that when our Governors or their Depu-
ties treated with them about War, Peace or
Trade, and propofed things contrary to what
was offer'd Thirty or Forty Years ago ; They
reply, That the French are falfe, and change
their Opinion every Hour, that 'tis fo many
Years fince they faid fo and fo ,• and to confirm
it bring you the Porcelain Colier that was given
them at that time. You remember I acquaint-
ed you in my Seventh Letter, that the Coliers
are the Symbols of Contra&s, without which
they conclude no Bufinefs of Moment.

They pay an infinite Deverence to Old Age.
the Son that Laughs at his Father's Advice fliall
tremble before his Grandfather. In a Word,
they take the Ancient Men for Oracles, and
follow thek Counfel accordingly. If a Man
tell his Son 'tis time he fliould Marry, or go to
Che War, or the Hunting, or Shooting ! he fliall
anfwer carleftly, That's Valiant , I thought fo, But
if his Grandfather tell him fo, the Anfwer is,
That's good, It Jball be done. If by chance they
kill a Partrige, a Goofe, or Duck, or catch
any delicate Fifli, they never fail to prefent \t
to their oldeft Relations.

The Savages are wholly free from Care ; they
do nothing but Eat, Drink, Sleep, and ramble a-
bout in the Night when they are at their Villa-
ges. Having no fet Hours for Meals, they Eat
when they're hungry ,• and commonly do it in
a large Company, Feafting here and there by
turns. The Women and Girls do the fame a-
mong themfelves, and don't admit any Men into
B h their

1 8 Some TSLew Voyages

their Company at that time. The Women Slaves
are employed to Sow and Reap the Indian-Corn ;
and the Men Slaves have for their Bufinefs the
Hunting and Shooting where there is any Fa-
tigue, tho' their Matters will very ofteq help
them. They have three forts of Games. Their
Game of Counters is purely Numerical, and he
that can Add, Subftrad, Multiply and Divide
beft by thefe Counters is the Winner. This de-
pends purely upon the Mind. Another Game
which is Hazard and Chance, is perform'd with
eight little Stones, which are Black on one fide
and White on the other. They're put on a
Plate which they lay on the Ground, throwing
the little Stones up in the Air,and if they fall fo
as to turn up the Black fide 'tis good luck. The
odd number wins, and eight Whites or Blacks
wins double, but that happens but feldom. They
have a third Play with a Ball not unlike our
Tennis, but the Balls are very large, and the
Rackets refemble ours, fave that the Handle is
at leaft three Foot long. The Savages, who
commonly play at it in large Companies of three
or four Hundred at a time, fix two Sticks at five
or fix Hundred Paces diftance from each other ;
They divide into two equal Parties, and tofs up
the Ball about half way between the two Sticks.
Each Party endeavour to tofs the Ball to their
fide ; fome run to the Ball, and the reft keep at
a little diftance on both fides to aflift on all
Quarters. In fine this Game is fo violent that
they "tear their Skins, and break their Legs very
often in ftriving to raife the Ball. All thefe
Games are made only for Feafts or other trifling
Entertainments ,* for 'tis to be obferv'd, that 'as
they hate Money3 fo they never put it in the
the Ballance^ and one may fay, Intereji ts never
the cccafion of Debates among them.

'Tis

to North- Am erica.

r —

I?

'Tis not to bedenied but the Savages are a very
fenfible People, and are perfe&ly well acquaint-
ed with the Intereft of their Nations. They are
great Moraiifts, efpecially when they Criticife on
the Manners of the Europeans, and are mightily
upon their Guard in our Company, unlefs it be
with luch as they are intimately acquainted
with. In other Matters they are Incredulous
and Obftinate to the laft degree, and are not
able to diftinguifii between a Chimerical Suppo-
sition and an undoubted Truth, or between a
fair and a falfe Confequence, as youl fee in the
infuing Chapter; which treats of their Belief
and in which I allure you you'l meet with very
odd Notions.

The Belief of the Savages, and the Obfiacks
of their Qonverfion.

AL L the Savages are convinc'd that there
muft be a God, becaufe they fee nothing
among Material Beings that fubfifts neceffarily
and by its own Nature. They prove the Ex-
lftence of a Deity by the Frame of the Uni-
verfe, which naturally leads us ,to a higher and
Omnipotent Being, from whence it follows, fay
they, that Man was not made by chance, and
that he's the Work of a Being fuperior in Wif-
dom and Knowledge, which they call the Great
Spirit, or the Mafter of Life, and which they
Adore in the moft abftratfed and fpiritual man-
ner. They deliver their Thoughts of him thus,
without any fatisfa&ory Definition. The Ex-
lftence of God being infeparable from his Ef-
fence, it contains every thing, it appears in eve-
ry thing, 'ads in every thing, and gives motion
\ • B b % to

2 0 ' Some ISlew Voyages .

to every thing. In fine, all that you fee, all that
you can conceive, is this Divinity which fubfifts
without Bounds or Limits, and without Body ;
and ought not to be reprefented under the Fi-
gure of an old Mao, nor of any other thing,
let it be never fo fine or extenfive. For this
Reafon they Adore him in every thing they fee.
When they fee any thing that's fine or curious,
efpecially when they look upon the Sun or Stars,
they cry out, O Great Spirit, we difcern thee in every
thing. And in like manner when they refled
upon the meaneft Trifles they acknowledge a
Creator under the Name of the Great Spirit or
Mafier of Life. .

I forgot to tell you that the Savages liften to
all the Jefuits Preach to them without the leaft
Contradiction. They content themfelves to rail
among one another at the Sermons the Fathers
make at Ghurch, and if a Savage talks freely to
a French-mm he muft be fully aifur'd of his Dif-
cretion and Friendfliip. I have been frequently
much puzzled to anfwer their impertinent Ob-
jections, ( for they can make no others in rela-
tion to Religion ) but I ftill brought my felf off
by entreating them to give Ear to the Jefuits.
To prefent you with a view of their Opinion
relating to the Immortality of the Soul: They all
believe it,- but not upon the plea that 'tis one
fimple fubftance, and that the Deftrucftion of
any Natural Being is accompliih'd by the fepara-
tion of its Parts ,• they're Strangers to that Ar-
gument. All they urge,is, that if the Soul were
Mortal, all Men would be equally Happy in this
life ,• for God being all Perfection and Wifdom>
'twould be inconfiftent with his Nature to create
fome to be Happy and others to be Miferable.
So they prove the Immortality of the Soul by
the Hardfliips of Life to which aioft Men are

expos'd

to H^-America.

21

exposed, especially the beii of People, when
they are Kilfd, Tortur'd, made Prifoners, &c.
For they pretend, that by a Condud fome-
what ftrange to our Apprehenfion, the Almighty
orders a certain number of Creatures to fuffer
in this World, that they may be fav'd in the
next ; and upon that fcore they cannot en^
dure to hear the Chrifiians fay, Such a one has
had the misfortune to be Kill'd, Wounded or
made a Slave ,• and look upon what we call a
Misfortune to be only fuch in Fancy and Idea,
fince nothing comes to pafs but by the Decrees
of that infinitely perfect Being, whofe Conduit
cannot be Fantaftical ot Capricious, as they falfc
ly pretend we Chriftians think it to be. On
the contrary they think thofe Perfons have very
good Fortune who are Kill'd, Burnt or taken
Prifoners. 'Tis the great happinefs of thefe Poor,
Blind People, that they will not fuffer them-
themfelves to be inftru&ed : For their Opinions
are not in all refpeds contrary to theLight of the
Gofpel.They believe that God for Reafons above
our reach makes ufe ot the Sufferings of good
People to difplay his Juftice ,• and in this Point
we cannot oppofe them, for 'tis, one of the Prin-
ciples of our own Religion : But when they
alledge that we look upon theDivinity as a whim-
fical fantaftick Being, are they not under the
greateft miftake ? The firft and fupreme caufe
muft be fuppos'd to make the wifeft choice of
means conducing to an end. If then 'tis true,
as 'tis a Point of our Belief, that God does per-
mit the Sufferings of the Innocent, 'tis our part
to Adore hisWifdom3and not be fo arrogant as to
Cenfure it. One of the Savages that argued the
Point with me, alledg'd that we reprefented the
Divinity like a Man that had but a little Arm of
the Sea to crofs, and rather chofe to take a
B b 3 turn

m

Some New Voyages

turn of five or fix Hundred Leagues about. This
Quibble puzzled me a little : For -why, fays he,
Jince God can bring Men to Eternal Happinefs by re-
warding Vertue and Merit y why does not he go that
Jhortefi way to Work ? Why does he conduB a jufi
Man to the Eternal Beatitude by the path of Suffer-
ings ? Thus 'tis that thefe poor Savages contra-
dict themfelves, and from hence it appears, that
Jefus Chrift, ottr Lord and Matter, is the only
Author of fuch Truths as fupport themfelves,
and contain not the leaft ihadow of Contradi&i-
on. In a Word, the fingular madnefs of this
unfortunate People confifts in denying their Af-
fent to any thing but what's vifible and probable.
This is the (landing and true Principle of their
Religion , when you confider it abftra&edly :
But if you ask them in particular why they A-
dore God in the Sun, rather than in a Tree or a
Mountain ; theirAnfwer is, That they choofe to
admire the Deity in publick by pointing to the
ffloft glorious thing that Nature affords.-

The Jefuifs ufe their utmoft Efforts to make
them fenfible of the Importance of Salvation.
They explain to them the Holy Scriptures, and
fet forth the manner by which the Law of
Chrifi Jejus took place in the World, and the
change that it wrought. They lay before them
the Prophecies, Revelations and Miracles, by
which our Religion is inforc'd. But the poor
Wretches are fuch obftinate Infidels, that all
the Chara&ers of Truth, Sincerity and Divinity
that fliine throughout the Scriptures, have no
impreffion upon them- The greateft length that
the good Fathers can bring them to, is to acqui-
efce after a Savage manner, contrary to what
they think. For Inftance, when the Jefuits
Preach up the Incarnation of Jefus Chrij?, they'l
anfwer, Thais Wonderful : When the Queftion is

put

to North-America.

2 3

put to them, whether they'l turn Chriftians,they
reply, that they I conjider of it. x If the fecular
Europeans follicit them to come toChurch to hear
the Word of God, they reply, '7*r reasonable ,•
the meaning of which is, that they'l come ; but
at the bottom they have no other defign in ap-
proaching to the place of Worftiip, than tofnatch
away a Pipe of Tobacco, or to Ridicule the
good Fathers, as I intimated above : For they
have fuch happy Memories, that I knew ten of
my own Acquaintance that had all the Holy
Scriptures by Heart.

'Twill be worth your while to hear the
thoughts of Reafon that come from thofe Peo-
ple who pafs for Beafts among us. They main-
tain, That a Man ought never to ftrip himfelf
of the Privileges of Reafon, that being the
nobleft Faculty with which God hath enrich'd
him j and That forafmuch as the Religion of the
Chriftians is not put to the teft of their Reafon,
it cannot be but that God ridicul'd them in en-
joy ning them to confult their Reafon in order
diftinguifti Good from Evil. Upon this fcore they
affirm that Reafon ought not to be controufd
by any Law, or put under a neceffity of ap-
proving what it doth not comprehend ,• and in
fine, that what we call an Article of Faith is an
intoxicating Potion to make Reafon reel and
ftagger out of its way ,• forfomuch as the preten-
ded Faith may fupport Lies as well as the Truth,
if we underftand by it a readinefs to believe
without diving to the bottom of things. They
pretend that if they had a mind to talk in the
Language of the Chriftians, they might with
equal right reject the Arguments proposed by the ,
Chriftians againft their Opinions, and plead that
their Opinions are Incomprehenfible Myfteries,
and that we mult not pretend to fathom the Se-
B b 4 crecs

24 Some New Voyages

Crets of the Almighty, which are plac d fo far
above our weak reach.

'Tis in vain to remonftrate to them, That
Reafon gives only a faint and dazzling Light
which leades thofe to a Precipice that truft to its
Direction and Condud: That 'tis a flave to Faith
and ought to obey it blindly without disputing,
Juft as an Iroquefe Captive does his Matter.
"Tis needlefs to reprefent to them, that the Holy
Scriptures can contain nothing that's direcftly re-
pugnant to right Reafon. They make a jeft of all
fuch Remonftrances, for they imagine fo great a
Contradi&ion between the Scripture and Reafon,
that they think it impoffible for the Advocates of
the former to avoid the receiving of very dubious
Opinions for certain and evident Truths. Their
Prejudice proceeds from this, that they can t be
convinc'd, that the Infallibility of the Scripture
Is to be made out by the Light of Reafon. The
Word Faith is enough to choak them ,• they make
a Jeft of it, and alledge that the Writings of paft
Ages are falfe, fuppofititious and alter'd,upon the
Plea that the Hiftories of our own times are juft-.
ly liable to the fame Genfure. They plead,
That a Man muft be a Fool who believes that
an Omnipotent Being, continued from all Eter-
nity, in a ttate of Ina&ivity, and did not think
of giving being to Creatures till within thefe five
or fix Thoufand Years ; or that at that time God
Created Adam on purpofe to have him tempted
oy an evil Spirit to eat of an Apple, and that he
occafion d all the Mifery of his Pofterity by the
pretended tranfmiffion of his Sin. They ridi-
cule the Dialogue between Eve and the Serpent,
aliedging that we affront God in fuppofing that
he wrought the Miracle of giving this Animal
the ufe of Speech, with intent to deftroy all tho
Humane Race.

To

to No/f/vAmerica.

25

To continue their wild Remonftrances they
fay, c 'Tis a thing unheard of, that for the ex-
piation of Adams Sin God fliouid put God to
Death to fatisfie himfelf ; That the Peace of
the World ftiould be brought about by the In-
carnation of God and his fhameful Death ;
That his Difciples iliould be ignorant Men that
fear'd to dye, This, they fay, is ftill the more
unaccountable, that the Sin of the firft Father
hath done more harm than the Death of the
latter hath done good, the Apple having in-
tail'd Death on all Men, whereas the Blood of
Jefm hath not fav'd one half of them. They
^rgue, c That upon the Humanity of this God
" the Chriftians build a Religion without a Foun-
dation, which is fubjed to the Changes and
Viciflitudes of Humane Affairs. That this
Religion being divided and fubdivided into fo
many Seds, as thofe of the French, the Eng-
HJh, &c. it can be no other than an Human
Artifice : For had God been the Author of it,
his Providence had prevented fuch diverfity of
Sentiments by unambiguous Decifions. That
if the Evangelical Law had defcended from
Heaven it had not contain d thofe obfcure Say-
ings that give rife to the Chriftian Diffenfions;
for that God who forefees what is in the
Womb of Futurity would have delivered his
Precepts in fuch clear and precife terms as
Would leave no room for Difputes.
c But fuppofing ( continue they ) that this
Law defcended from Heaven, which of the
Chriftian Seds muft we join with ? For we
underftand from an infinite number of Chrifti-
ans, that in fome Communions we run the
rifque of Damnation. " The great Article that
they ftickle moft at is the Incarnation of God. They
exclaim againft the fuppofition that the Divine

Word

2 6 Some New Voyages

Word was /hut up for nine Months in the Bow-
els of a Woman, and that the fame God came
to take up an Earthly Body in this World, and
carry 'd it up to his Seat of Blifs. Nay, they car-
ry the thing farther, for they rally upon the un-
evennefs and inconftancy of Chrifls Will. Tho'
he came into the World to dye, fay they, yet it
appears that he had no mind to it, and that he
was affraid to Die. If the Divinity and Huma-
nity had made but one Perfon, he would not
have needed to pray or ask for any thing ,• nay,
fuppofing that his Divine Nature had not the Af-
cendant within him, yet he ought not to have
fear'd Death, in regard that the lofs of a Tem-
poral Life is nothing to one that is affur'd of re-
viving for ever ; he knew for certain where he
was a going, and confequently ought to have
embraced Death more chearfully than we do,
when we Poyfon our felves in order to accompa-
ny our Relations to the Country of Souls.

They brand St. Paul for a Phantaftical Man,
alledging that he contradids himfelf every Foot,
and Reaibns very forrily. They Ridicule the
Credulity of the Primitive Chriftians, whom they
look upon as fimple and fuperftitious Creatures ;
and upon that ; Head take occafion to fay, That
the Afoftle Paul would have found a great deal of
difficulty in perfwading the People of Canada that he
wasraviftid up to the thirdHeav 'en. There's one place
of Scripture above all other that they can digeft,
viz,. Many are called, but few chofen. Their Com-
ment upon it is this, God hath faid, that many
are calld but few chofen. and what God fays mufi
needs be true. Now, if of three Men only one be
favd, and the other two da?nnd, then the Condition of
a Stag is pref err able to that of a Man ,• Nay:put it up-
on an even lay, and let there be but one Man damn d
for one favd, even then the Stag hath the better of

it.

to Norths America.

27

it. This Objection was once put to me by the
Rat, or the General of the Savages, when I was a
Hunting with him. I reply 'd,that we ought to in-
deavour to be in the number of the Chofen by
following the Law and the Precepts ofJefwChrift.
But my Anfwer did not fatisfie him, for he ftill
ran upon the great rifque of two Men damn'd^fbr
one fav'd, and that by an immutable Decree,
Upon that I refer'd him to the Jefuits, for I
durft not tell him, That 'twas in his own Power
to procure his Ele&ion : If I had, he had given
me lefs Quarter than he did to St. Paul ; for in
Religious Matters they always flick to Probabili-
ty. This General was not fo void of good Senfe,
but that he could think juftly and make true Re-
flections upon Religious Matters ; but he was
fo prepoffefs'd with an Opinion, that the Chri-
ftian Faith was contrary to Reafon, that all the
Attempts I made could not convince him of the
contrary. When I laid before him the Revela-
tions of Mofes and the Prophets, the univerfai
Confent of almoft all Nations in owning and
acknowledging Jefus Chrifiy the Martyrdom of
his Difciples and of the Primitive Chriftians,
the perpetual Succeflion of our Sacred Oracles,
the entire Deftru&ion of the Jcwijh Republick,
and the Deftru&ion of Jerufalem foretold by our
Saviour; he ask'd me if my Father or my Grand-
father had fecn all thefe Events, and whether I
was fo credulous as to take our Scriptures for
Truth, fince the Hiftories of Countries writ but
t'other Day are found to be Fabulous. He ad-
ded. That the Faith which the Jefuits beat their
Brains about imported no more than to be per-
fwaded of a thing either by feeing it with their
Eyes, or by finding it recommended by clear
and folid Proofs ,* That thefe Fathers and I were
fo far from convincing them of the truth of our

Myfteriesj

28

Some New Voyages

My Aeries, that we only cover'd their Thoughts
with Obfcurity and Darknefs

Such, Sir, is the Obftinacy and prepoffeflion
of this People. I flatter my felf that this fhort
view of their Notions may divert you without
Offence. I know that you are too well confirm'd
and rivetted in our moil Holy Faith, to receive
any dangerous Impreffion from their impious
Advances. I allure my felf that you will joyn
with me in bemoaning the deplorable ftate of
theie ignorant Wretches. Let us jointly admire
the depth of the Divine Providence, which per-
mits thofe Nations to entertain fuch an Averfion
to our Divine Truths ,• and in the mean time let
us make the beft ufe of the undeferv d Advan-
tage we have over them. Give me leave to ac-
quaint you with the Reflexions that thefe fame
Savages make upon our ConduA when they
confine themfelves to the Subjed of Mora-
lity. The Chrijiians, fay they, contemn the Precepts
of the Son of God, they make a Je(t of his Prohibiti-
ons, and doubt of the Sincerity of his Expreffions * for
they counteratl his Orders without intermiffion, and
rob him of the Worjhip which he claims as his dues
by faying it to Silver, to Beavers, and to their own
Interefi. They murmur again]} Heaven and him when
things go crofs with them ,• they go about their ufual
Bujinefs on fuch Days as are fet apart for Works of Piety
and Devotion, and fpend both that and the other parts
of their time in Gaming, Drinking to excefs, Fighting
and Scold'mg. Infiead of Comforting their Parents they
leave them for a Sacrifice to Hunger and Mifery, and
not only deride their Counfel, but wijh impatiently for
their Death, In the Night time, all of them, barring the
jefults, roll from Houfe to Houfe to debauch the Wo-
men Savages, They Murther one another every Day
upon the Plea of Theft or Affronts, or upon the fcore
cf JVowen ; they Pillage and Rob one another without

any

to North-America.

2$

any regard to the tyes of Blood or Friendjhip, as often
as they meat with an opportunity of doing it with im-
punity. They befpatter and defame one another with
outragious Calumnies ; and make no fcruple to lye when
they find' twill ferve their Inter efi. They are not fa-
tisfied with the Company of fwgle Women, hut de-
bauch other Mens Wives ; and thefe Adulterous Wo-
men bring forth in the abfeence of their Husbands a
fpurious Off-fpring, that are at a lofs to know their
Fathers. In fine, ( continue they ) though the
Chrifiians are fo docile as to believe the Humanity of
God, which is the mofl unreafonable Article that can
he ; yet they feem to doubt of his Precepts, and in-
cejfantly tranfgrefs them, notwithstanding they are very i
pure and reafonable. I ftiould never come to ait
end, if I enter'd into the Particulars of their Sa-
vage way of Reafoning ; and for that reafon
' twill be more proper to take leave of this Sub-
led, and pafs dire&ly to the manner of Worlhip
which they offer to their great Spirit or God,
call'd Kitchi Manitou. A view of that will be
more agreeable than the tedious Series of this
fort of Philofophy, which at the bottom is but
too true, and affords matter of Grief to all good
Souls that are perfwaded of the Truth of Ghii-
ftianity.

The way of Worfhip, ufed by the Savages.

BEfore we launch out into the particulars of
their Worfhip, 'twill be proper to remark

that the Savages give the name of Genius or Spirit
to all that furpaffes their Underftanding, and
proceeds from a caufe that they cannot trace.
Some of thefe Spirits they take to be Good,^ and
feme Bad j of the former fort are the Spirit of

Steams,

}o Some New Voyages

Dreams, the Mkhlbkhi mentioned in my lift of
Animals, a Solar Quadrant, an Alarm Watch, and
an infinity of other things that feem to them to
be inconceivable. Of the latter fort are Thunder,
Hail falling upon their Com , a great Storm and in
a word every thing that tends to their Prejudice,
and proceeds from a caufe that they are ignorant
oh u a Fufee burft either through the fault of the
Metal, or by being over Loaded, and Maims a
Man they 11 tell you there was an Evil Spirit
lodg d within it. If by chance the Branch of a
Iree put out a Mans Eye, the efFed is owing to
an Evil Spirit ,• If a fudden guft of Wind furprifes
em in a Canow about the middle of their Paffage
acrofs the Lakes, 'tis an Evil Spirit that difturbs
the Air; if the dregs of any Violent Diftemper
robs a Man of his Reafon, 'tis an Evil Spirit that
Torments him. Thefe Evil Spirits they call
Match Manitous, and Gold and Silver they lift into
that number. However 'tis to be obferv'd that
they talk of thefe Spirits in a Bantering way, or
much after the fame manner that our fhrewd Eu-
ropeans rally upon Magicians and Sorcerers.

Here I cannot forbear to repeat once more
that the Hiftorical Accounts oi Canada, areas
icarce as the Geographical Maps of that Country .-
for I never met with a true one but once,and that
in the hands of a«^MJendeman,theImpreffion
of which was afterwards Prohibited at Paris, but
for what reafon I know not. I mention this with
fM j oCO their °Pinion of" the Devil; for it is
alledg'd that the Savages are acquainted with the
DevU. I have read a thoufand Ridiculous Stories
Writ by our Clergymen, who maintain that the
Savages have conferences with him, and not only
coniult him, but pay him a fort of Homage.
•Now all thefe advances are ridiculous; form
earneft, the Devil nsver appear 'd to thefe Ame~

ricans.

to North- America.

3»

ricans. I ask'd an infinity of Savages whether the
Devil was ever feen among 'era in the ftxape of a
Man or any other Animal ; I likewife confulted
upon this head the ingenioufeft of their Mounte-
banks orjugglersj who are a very Comical fort
of Fellows ( as you fttall hear anonj) and it
may be reafonably prefum'd that if ever the Devil
appear'd to 'em, they had been fare to have told
me of it. In fine, after ufing all poffible means
for a perfect knowledg of this matter; I conclu-
ded that thefe Ecclefiafticks did not underftand
the true importance of that great word Matchl
Manitou, ( which fignifies an Evil Spirit , Matchl
being the word for Evil and Manitou for Spirit * )
For by the Devil they underftand fuch things as
are offenfive to 'em, which in our Language
comes near to the fignification of Misfortune ,
Fate, Unfavourable Deftiny, &c. So that in
fpeaking of the Devil they do not mean that Evii
Spirit that in Europe is reprefented under the fi-
gure of a Man, with a long Tail and great Horns
and Claws.

The Savages never Offer Sacrifices of Living
, Creatures to the Kitchi Manitou ; for their com-
mon Sacrifices upon that occafion are the Goods
that they take from the French in exchange for
Beavers. Several perfons of good Credit have
inforrn'd me, that in one day they Burnt at Miffili-
makinac Fifty Thoufand Crowns worth of fuch
Goods. I never faw fo Expenfive a Ceremony,
my felf: But let that be as it will, the particular
circumftances of the Sacrifice are thefe. The Air
muft be Clear and Serene, the Weather Fair and
Calm,- and then every one brings his Offering
and laies it upon the Wood- Pile: When the Sun
mounts higher the Children make a Ring round
the Pile, with pieces of Bark Lighted, in order to
fet it on Fire ; and the Warriours Dance and

Sing

3 z Some New Voyages

Sing round 'em till the whole is Burnt and Con-
fumed, while the Old Men make their Harangues
addrefs'd to the Kitchi Manitou , and prefent
him from time to time with Pipes of Tobacco
Lighted at the Sun. Thefe Dances, Songs and
Harangues laft till Sun fet, only they allow them-
felves fome intervals of Reft, in which they fit
down and Smoak at their Eafe.

It remains only (before I make an end of this
Chapter) to repeat the very Words of their Ha-
rangues pronounc d by the Old Fellows, and of
the Songs fung by the Warriors : € Great Spirit,
c Mafter of our Lives^ Great Spirit, Mafter of all
'Things bothVifible and Invifible-,GreatSpirit,Ma-
cfter of other Spirits, whether good or Evil •
c command the Good Spirits to favour thy Chil-
dren, thtOutaouas, &c. Command the Evil Spi-
€ rits to keep at a diftance from 'em. O Great
€ Spirit, keep up the Strength and Courage of

* our Watriors, that they may be able to ftem the
c fury of our Enemies : Preferve the Old Perfons,
€ whofe Bodies are not quite wafted, that they
€ may give Counfel to the Young. Preferve our
c Children, enlarge their Number, deliver 'em
€ from Evil Spirits, to the end that in our old Age

* they may prove our Support and Comfort ,• pre-
€ ferve our Harveft and ourBeafts, if thou mean'ft
€ that we fliould not die for Hunger : Take care

* of our Villages , and guard our Huntfmen in
€ their Hunting Adventures. Deliver us from all

* Fatal Surprizes, when thou ceafeft to vouchfafe
€ us the Light of the Sun.which fpeaks thy Gran-
s deur and Power. Acquaint us by the Spirit

* of Dreams, with what thy Pleafure requires of
€ us, or prohibits us to do. When it pleafes thee
c to put a Period to our Lives,fend us to the great
c Countrey of Souls, where we may meet with

* thofe of our Fathers, our Mothers, our Wives,

'our

to Nortb-Ametica.

ll

€ our Children, and our other Relations. O Great
• Spirit, Great Spirit, hear the Voice of the Nati-
€ on, give ear to all thy Children, and remember
f them at all times.

As for the Songs which the Warriors fing till
Sun fet, they are to this purpofe : c Take heart,
f the Great Spirit vouchfafes fuch a Glorious Sun,-
c Cheer up my Brethren : How great are his
c Works ! How fine is the Day .' this Great Spirit
f is all Goodnefs; 'tis he that fets all the Springs in
f motion,- he ruleth over all: He is pleased to hear
€ us ,• Let us cheer up my Brethren, we ihall fub-
c due our Enemies : Our Fields fhall bear Corn^
f our Hunting ffiall fucceed well ,• we fhall all of
c us keep our Health ,• the Old Perfons ihall re-
c joice , the Children fliall increafe, and the Na-
c tion fhall profper. But now the Great Spirit
* leaves us, his Sun withdraws, he has feen the
c OHtaouasy&c. Tis done, ay, 'tis done ,♦ the Great
c Spirit is fatisfied ,• my Brethren let us pluck up a
c good heart.

We muft remark , that the Women likewife
makeAddreffes to him, and that commonly when
the Sun rifes ,• upon which Occafion they prefent
and hold up their Children to that Luminary.
When the^un is almoft down, theWarriors march
out of the Village, to dance the Dance of the
Great Spirit. But after all, there is no Day or
Time fix'd for thefe Sacrifices, no more than for
the ParticularDances,

Cc

Ah

34

Some Hew Voyages

;■•!

An Account of the Amours and Marriages of the
Savages.

I Could recount a thoufand Curious Things re-
lating to the Courtfhip, and the way of Mar-
rying among the Savages ; but the Relation of
fomany Particulars, would be too tedious j lor
which Reafon I lhall only confine my fell to what
is moft effential to that Subject

It may be juftly feid, .That the Men are as cold
and indifferent as the Girls are paffionate and
warm. The former love nothing but War and
Hunting, and their utmoft Ambition reaches no
farther. When they are at home, and have no-
thing to do, they run with the Match ,• that is,
they are Night-walkers. The Young Men do
not marry till they are Thirty Years of Age, tor
they pretend that the Enjoyment of Women does
fo enervate 'em,that they have not the fame mea-
fure of Strength to undergo great Fatigues, and
that their Hams are too weak for long Marches,
or quick Purfuits : In purluance of this Thought,
'tis alledged, That thofe who have married, or
ftroled in the Nights too often, are taken by the
Iromefejby reafon of theWeaknefs of their Limbs,
and the decay of their Vigour. But after all, we
muft not imagine that they live chafte till that
Age,- for they pretend that Exceffive Conti-
nence occafions Vapours, Diforders of the Kid-
neys and a Suppreffion of Urine,- fo that tis ne-
ceffary for their Health to have a Run once ;
Week.

If the Savages were capable of being fubjeae.
to the Empire of Love, they muft needs have ai
Extraordinary Command ofthemfelves todilguil

to North-America.

35

thejuft Jealoufie they might have of their Mi-
ftreffes, and at the fame time to carry it fair with
their Rivals. I know the Humour of the Savages
better than a great many French People that have
liv'd among ?em all their Life-time ; for I ftudy'd
their Cuftoms fo narrowly and exa&ly, that all
their Coodud of Life is as perfectly well known
to me, as if I had been among em all my Life-
time: And 'tis thisExad Knowledge that prompts
me to fay, That they are altogether Strangers to
that Blind Fury which we call Love. They con-
tent themfelves with a Tender Friend/hip, that is
not liable to all the Extravagancies that the Paf-
fion of Love raifes in fuch Breafts as harbour it:
In a word, they live with fuch Tranquility, that
one may call their Love Simple Goodwill, and
their Difcretion upon that Head is unimaginable.
Their Friendship is firm, but free of Tranfport *
for they are very careful in preferving theLiberty
and Freedom of their Heart, which they look up-
on as the moft valuable Treafure upon Earth :
From whence I conclude that they are not alto-
gether fo favage as we are.

The Savages never quarrel among themfelves,
neither do they reproach or affront one another ,•
One man among them is as good as another, for
all are upon the fame Level. They have noBifor-
ders occafidn d by a Girl or a Wife, for the Wo-
men are Wife, and fo are their Husbands: The
Girls indeed are a little foolilh, and the Young
Men play the fool with them not unfrequently :
But then you muft confider that a Young Woman
is allow'd to do what flie pleafes • let her ConW
dud be what it will, neither Father nor Mother!,
Brother nor Sifter can pretend to controul hen
A Young Woman, fay they, is Matter of her
own Body, and by her Natural Right of Liberty
is free to do what flic pleafes. But on the other \
Cc 2 hand

3 6 Some New Voyages

hand the Married Women being allowed the Fri-
viledge of quitting their Husbands when they
pleafe, had as good be dead as be guilty of Adul- '
tery. In like manner, the Husbands being enti-
tled to the fame Priviledge, would look upon
themfelves as infamous, if they were faithleis to
their Wives.

Nothing of Intrigue orCourtihip muft be men-
tion^ to the Savage Ladies in the Day time, for
they will not hear it ; they'll tell you the Night-
time is the raoft proper feafon for that ; infomuch
that if a Youth fhould by chance accoaft a Girl
in the Day-time,after this manner, I love thee more
than the Light of the Sun (fuch is their Phrafe) Mfi-
en to what I fay 3 &c ftie would give him fome Af-
front, and withdraw. This is a general Rule,
that whoever defigns to win the Affe&ion of a
Girl, muft fpeak to her in the Day-time, of things
that lie remote from the Intrigues of Love. One
may converfe with them privately as long as he
will, and talk of a thoufand Adventures that hap-
pen every minute, upon which they make their
Replies very pleafantly ,• for you cannot imagine
what a Gay and Jovial Temper they are of j they
are very apt to laugh, and that with a very engag-
ing Air. 7Tis at thefe Private Interviews that
theSavagesfmell out theYoungWomensThoughtsj
for though the Subject of their Difcourfe is of an
Indifferent Strain, yet they talk over nicer Sub-
'j0s in the Language of their Eyes. After a
Young Man has paid two or threeVifits tohisMi-
ftrefs, and fancies that fhe has look'd upon him
with a favourable Eye , he takes the follow-
ing Courfe to know the Truth of the Mat-
ter.

You muft take notice, that forafrauch as the Sa-
vages are Strangers to Meum and Tuuniy to Superi-
ority and Subordination j and live in a State of

Equality

■*■«■*

Jiff

ap/croatfiitip /vi'tA a torch to Alt mtftriffcs
"ejecting his offers covers her /ace rvith
tAe Coverlet .

.A Savage carrutiza cttorckio a Sec/tide of /lis
mtstrtfs, tv/to s/tetvs Aer consent to admit
/iimbyltbivinaoiit the Ithht

to No^-America.

37

Equality purfuant to the Principles of Nature ;
they are underno apprehenfion of Robbers or Se-
cret Enemies, fo that their Huts are open Night
and Day. You muft know farther, that Two
Hours after Sun-fet, the Old Superannuated Per-
&Qfo or the Slaves (who never lie in their Ma-
jors Huts) take care to cover up the Fire before
they go. 'Tis then that the Young Savage ccmes
well wrapt up to hisMiftrefs's Hut, and lights
a fort of a Match at the Fire ; after which he
opens the Door of his Miftreffes Apartment, and
makes up to her Bed : If ftie blows out the Light^
he lies down by her ; but if {he pulls her Cover-
ing over her Face, he retires ; that being a Sign
that (he will not receive him, TheYoungWomen
drink the Juice of certain Roots, which prevents
their Conception, or kills the Fruit of the Womb;
for if a Girl proves with Child;, (he'll never get a
Husband. They'll fufFer any body to fit upon the
foot of their Bed., only to have a little Chat ; and
if another comes an hour after, that they like^
they do not ftand to grant him their laft Favours*
As to this Cuftom, which indeed is fingular, the
moft fenfible Savages gave this Reafon for k,Tlut
they will not depend upon their Lovers, but re-
move all ground of Suspicion both from the pne
and the other:, that fo they may ad as they ®
pleafe. '

The Savage Women like the French better than
their own Countreymen, by reafon that the for-
mer are more prodigal of their Vigour, and mind
a Woman's Bufinefs more clofely. In the mean
time the Jefuits ufe all Efforts to prevent their
keeping Company with the French : They have
Superannuated Fellows placed in all the Huts,
who, like Faithful Spies, give an Account of all
that they fee or hear. The French who have the
Misfortune to be difcover'd, are publickly nam'd
C c 3 in

5 8 Some TSLew Voyages

in the Pulpit, complain'd of to the Bifliop and the
Governor General, excommunicated, and treated
as Tranfgreffors of the Law : But after all the Ar-
tifices and Oppofition cf theGoodFathers,a great
many Intrigues are carried on in theVillages, that
they know nothing of. The Jefuits never offer
to check the Young Savages for keeping company
with Girls ; for if they offer'd to cenfure theii-
Condu<a,and ufe 'em with the fame liberty as they
do the French, they would tell 'em roundly, that
they're forry the Fathers have a mind to their Mi-
ftreffes. This was the Anfwer that a Young Hu-
ron fpoke aloud one day in the Church, when a
Jefuit addreffing himfelf to him, was preaching
down the Night-Rambles of the Savages with an
Apoftolical Freedom.

This People cannot conceive that the Europe-
ans, who value themfelves upon their Senfe and
Knowledge,ftiould be fo blind and fo ignorant as
not to know thatMarriage in their way is a fource
of Trouble and Uneafinefs. To be ingag'd for
one's Life time, to them is matter of Wonder
and Surprife. They look upon it as a monftrous
thing to be tied one to another without any
hopes of being able to untie or break the Knot.
In fine, in fpite of all the Reafons ana Argu-
ments that that Subjecft affords, they lay down
this for a firm and unmoveable Truth, that we
Eropeans are born in Slavery,anddeferve no other
Condition than that of Servitude.

In our Country, their ftate of Marriage would
be juftly look'd upon as a Criminal way of
Converfation. A Savage ( for Infhmce ) that
has fignalis'd himfelf feveral times in the Field,
and acquir'd the Reputation of a brave Warrior,
hath a mind to Marry by the means of a Con-
tractor rather a Leafe of Thirty Years, with the
hopes of feeing in his old Age a Family defen-
ded

■■

to North-Ametkz.

39

ded of himfelf, that fliall provide for him. This
Hero looks out for an agreeable Girle/bnd after
he and fhe have fettled the matter, they reveal
their Defign to their Relations, who at the fame
time cannot oppofe it, but are obliged to con-
fent,and to affift at the Ceremony .They meet to-
gether in the Hut of the ancienteft Relation or
Parent, where a Feaft is prepar'd on a Day fix'd
for that purpofe. Upon fuch Occafions the Com-
pany is very numerous, and the Table is covered
with all manner of Dainties in a very prodigal
manner ,• and thofe who affift at the Feftival,
Dance and Sing, and perform the other Diverfi-
ons of the Country. After the Feafting and
Merry-making is over, all the Relations of the
Bridegroom retire, excepting four of the oldeft,^
after which the Bride, accompany'd with four of
her ancienteft Female Relations, appears at one
of the Doors of the Hut, and is receiv'd by the
moft decrepit Man of the Bridegroom's Compa-
ny, who conduds her to the Bridegroom at a
certain place, where the two Parties ftand up-
right upon a fine Mat, holding a Rod between
them, while the old Men pronounce fome fliort
Harangues. In this Pofture do the two married
Perfons Harangue one after another, and Dance
together, fmging all the while, and holding the
Rod in their Hands, which they afterwards break
into as many pieces as there are Witneffes to the
Ceremony, in order to be diftributed among
them. This done, the Bride is recondu&ed out
of the Hut, where the young Women ftay for
her to accompany her to her Fathers Apartment,
and the Bridegroom or married Man is oblig'd
to go there to find her when he has a mind to
her Company, till fuch time as die brings forth
a Child i then, indeed, fee conveys her deaths
Cc 4 to

4© Some New Voyages

to her Husbands Apartment, and continues with
him till the Marriage is diffolv'd.

Tis allowable both for the Man and the Wo-
man to part when they pleafe. Commonly they
give one another eight Days Warning • fome-
times they offer Reafons to juftifie their Con-
dud, but for the moft part the ufual Plea is, that
they are fick and out of ordered that Repofe is
more proper for them than the fatigue of a marri-
ed Life. Then the little pieces of the Rod that
were diftributed among the Relations of the
married Perfons, are brought into that Hut in
which the Marriage was Selemniz'd, and burnt
in their Prefence. You muft obferve that this
Separation is accomplifh'd without any Difpute
or Quarrel. Both the Men and the Women
thus unmarried may be marry'd again to whom
they pleafe : But commonly they lie bye three or
fix Months before they confummate their fecond
Marriage. When this Separation happens the
Children are divided equally between them, for
the Children are the Treafure of the Savages.
If their number be odd the Woman hath the
better half

Though they are at their liberty to change,yet
there are feveral Savages that live all their Life
time with one Woman. I gave you to know
above, that during the whole courfe of their
married State they maintain an inviolable Fideli-
ty to one another: But, which is yet more E-
dirying, as foonfas the Woman is declar'd to be
with Child, both me and her Bedfellow abftain
horn Enjoyment, and obferve an exacft courfe of
Continence from thence to the thirtieth Day
after her Childbirth. When a Woman is ready
to lye in, jhe withdraws to a certain Hut allotted
for that uie, being attended by her (be Slaves,
who ferve and affifi her as far as they can. In

fine.

to Nort/>Xmerica. 41

fine, the Female Sex in this Country deliver
themfelves without the affiftance of Midwives ;
for they bring forth their Children with a facili-
ty that the European Women can fcarce have any
Notion of, and they never lye in above two or
three Days. They obferve a fort of Purificati-
on for thirty Days if the Child be a Boy, and
for forty if it be a Girle, and till that time is
expir'd they do not return to their Husband's
Apartment.

As foon as their Children come into the
World they dip them in warm Water up to the
Chin, after which they fwathe them down upon
little Boards or Planks fluffed with Cotton,where
they lye upon their Backs, as I infinuated under
the Head of the Habit , Uoufes, &c. of the Sava-
ges. They never make ufe of Nurfes unlefs it be
when the Mothers are out of order, and they
never wean their Children, but fuckle them fo
long as they have Milk, with which indeed they
are very plentifully provided.

The Women have no opportunity of Marriage
after the Fiftieth Year of their Age ; for the
Men of the like Age alledge, that fince they
cannot then bear Children, 'twould be a piece
of Folly to meddle with them ,• and the young
Sparks affirm, that their wither'd Beauty has
not force enough to Charm them,at a time when
there is no fcarcity of Buxfome young Girles.
In this Diftrefs, when the young Men will not
ufe them as Miftreffes, and Men of riper Years
refufe them for Wives, if their Complexion be
any thing Amorous, they are forced to adopt
fome Prifoner of War that is prefented them, in
order to anfwer their preffing Neceffities.

When the Husband or Wife conies to dye, the
Widowhood does not laft above fix Months ;
and if in that fpace of time the Widow or Wi-
dower

•#v

42 5Wze New ^oj/^j

dower dreams of their deceas'd Bedfellow, they
Poyfon themfelves in cold Blood with all the
Contentment imaginable ; and at the fame time
fmg a fort of tune that one may fafely fay pro-
ceeds from the Heart. But if the furviving Par-
ty dreams but once of the Deceafed., they fay,
that the Spirit of Dreams w. s not fure that the
deadPerfon was uneafie in the Country of Souls,
forafmuch as he only pafs'd by without return-
ing3 and for that reafon they think they are not
oblig'd to go keep him Company.

Thefe Savages are uncapable of Jealoufy ; that
is a Paffioh they know nothing of. They jeer
the Europeans upon that head ; and brand a
man's diitruft of his Wife, for a piece of manifeft
Folly ; as if, fay they,we were not certain that 'tis
impoffible for fo weak an Animal to be true to
its promifes. To purfue their fallacious way of
arguing , they alledge that fufpicion is only a
doubt, and that to doubt of what one fees is an
argument of Blindnefs and Folly ; and in fine,
that 'tis impoffible,but that the conftraint and per-
petuity that attends our Marriages., or the bait of
Gold and Silver, iliould oblige a Woman when
Cloy'd with one and the fame Husband, to whet
her Appetite in theEmbraces of another Man. I am
fully convinced that a Savage would chufe rather
to fufFer Mutilation than to Embrace his Neigh-
bours Wife. Nor is the Chaftity of the fhe Sava-
ges lefs nice, for I do not believe that in the fpace
of Fifty Years there has been one Inftance among
'em of the Invafion of another Man's Bed. 'Tis
true the French, being uncapable to diftinguifh
between the Married and Unmarried Women,
fometimes make their Addrefs to the former,
when they find them alone in the Woods, or
when they walk out into the Fields,- but upon _
fuch occafions they always receive this Anfwer ,• •

The

to North-America.

4*

The Fiend which is before mine Eyes hinders me to fee
thee.

The Savages go always by the Mothers Name.
To make this plain by an example : the Leader
of the Nation ofHttrons, who is called Safiaretfi ,
being Married to a Daughter of another Huron
Family, by whom^he has feveral Children, that
General's Name is extinct at his Deaths for that
his Children affume the Name of the Mother,
Now, it may be ask'd how the Name of Safiaretfi
has been kept up for the fpace of Seven or
Eight Hundred Years among that People, and is
likely to continue to future Ages ? But the Que-
ftion is eafily Anfwered, if we confider, that the
Sifter of this Safiaretfi being Married to another
Savage, whom we fhall call Adario, the Children
Springing from that Marriage, will be called Sa-
fiaretfi -after the Mother, and not Adario after this
Father. When I asked them the Reafon of the
Caftom, they replyed, that the Children having
received their Soul from their Father, and their
Body from their Mother, 'twas but reafonable
that the Maternial Name (bould be Perpetuated.
I reprefented to them I do not know how often,
that God alone was the only Creator of Souls,
and that it was more reafonable to derive the
original of. that Cuftom from the certainty that
they had of the Mother beyond that of the
Father j but they poffitively affirmed that this
reafon was abfurd, without offering any proof.

When a Woman has loft a Husband that leaves
Brothers who are Batcheiours, one of thefe Mar-
ries the Widow Six Months after his Death, The
fame is the Cafe with the Sifters of a Wife ; for
when a Married Woman Diesxcmmonly one of
the Sifters fupplies her place. But you mufttake
notice that this Cuftom is only obferved by the
Savages that pretend to be Wlfer than their

fieigh-

v

44 Sortie New Voyages

Neighbours. Some Savages continue Batchelours
to their Dying day, and never appear either at
Hunting or in Warlike Expeditions, as being either
Lunatickor Sickly : But at the fame time they arc
as much efteem'd as the Braveft and Haileft Men
in the Country, or at leaftifthey rally upon 'em,
ytis never done where they are prefent. Among
the IlUnefe there are feveral Hermaphrodites, who
go in a Womans Habit, but frequent the Com-
pany of both Sexes. Thefe Illinefe are ftrangely
given to Sodomy, as well as the other Savages
that live near the River Mljjifift.

This, Sir, is all that I could learn of the way
of Marriage and the Amours of the Americans ;
who are fo far from giving a full loofe to their
Venerial Appetite, that they always a£fc with a
command over themfelves, being very moderate
in their Adventures with Women, whom they
make ufe of only for the Propagation of their
Families and the Prefervation of their Healrh.
Their Conduit upon this Head may ferve for a
juft Reprimand to the Europeans.

I obferv'd before, that if once a Girle proves
with Child, iKe never gets a Husband,' but I ought
to have added that fome young Women will not
hear of a Husband, through a principle of De-
bauchery. That fort of Women are call'd Ickoue
tie Kioujfa, i. e. Hunting Women : for they scorn-
monly accompany the Huntfmen in their Diver-
fions. To juftify their Conduft, they alledge
that they find themfelves to be of too indifferent
a temper to brook the Conjugal yoak, to be too
carelefs for the bringing up of Children, and too
impatient to bear the paffing of the whole Win-
ter in the Villages. Thus it is, that they cover
and diiguife their Lewdnefs. Their Parents or
Relations dare not cenfure their Vicious Conduct ,•
on. the contrary they feem to approve of it, in

declaring

to North- America.

45

declaring, as I faid before, that their Daughters
have the command of their own Bodies and may
difpofe of their Perfons as they think fit ,• they
being at their liberty to do what they pleafe. In
fliort, the Children of thefe Gommon Women
are accounted a Lawful Iffue, and intitled to ail
the Privileges of other Children ; abateing for
one thing, namely, that the noted Warriours or
Counfellours will not accept of 'em for theirSons
in Law, and that they cannot enter into Alliance
with certain Ancient Families ,• though at the
fame time thefe Families are not poffeffed of any
peculiar Right or Preheminence. The Jefuits
do their utmoft to prevent the Lewd Pra&ices of
thefe Whores, by Preaching to their Parents that
their Indulgence is very difagreeable to the Great
Spirit, that they muft anfwer before God for
not confineing their Children to the meafures of
Gontinency and Chaftity, and that a Fire h
Kindled in the other World to Torment Jem
for ever, unlefs they take more care to correct
Vice.

To fuch Remonftrances the Men reply, Thais
Admirable; and the Women ufually tell the Good
Fathers in a deriding way, That if their Threats be
well grounded ', the Mountains of the other World mufi
confift of the AJhes of Souls.

A View of the Difeafes and Remedies of the

Savages.

THE Savages are a robufl: and vigorous fort
of People, of a Sanguine Temperament,
and an admirable Complexion. They are un-
acquainted with a great many Difeafes that z&id

the

4^ Some New Voyages

the Europeans, fuch as the G«tf, Gravel, Drop!}
&c. Their Health is firm, notwithftanding that
they ufe no precaution to preferve it ,• for on the
contrary one would think that they weaken them-
felves by the Violent Exercifes of Dancing, Hun-
ting, and Warlike-Expeditions, in which they
have frequent returns of Heats and Colds in one
day, which in Europe would occafion a Mortal Di-
itemper Sometimes indeed they are feiz'd with
tlurifas but thefeare as unfrequent as they are
mortal- for this is the onlyDiftemper that all their
Remedies cannot conquer. The SmaU-?ox are as
common in the North of Canada, as the Great-Pox
are to the Southward: in theWinter time theSw«0--
■Paris very dangerous, by reafon of the difficulty
of relpiration,- but notwithftanding that 'tis mor-
tal, the Savages matter it fo little, that when 'tis
upon em they walk about from Hut to Hut, if
tney are able • or if they have not ftrength to
waik are carried about by their Slaves. In the
Mm(e Country, and near the Mftfift, thzVenereal
Difiemper is very common. I remember, that in
tne Interview I had with the Akanfas upon that
great River, at the Mouth of the Miffoum (as I
laid in my Sixteenth Letter) I faw a Savage, who
uncovering himfelf, fhew'd me part of his Body
that was ready to fall off, through Rottennefs- at

t ?¥ he Was bufy'd In *boi!in§ Roots, and af-
ter! had ask'd him the ufe of 'em, he gave me to
underftand by his Interpreter, that hehop'd to be
curd in a Months time, by drinking the Juice of
theie Roots, and eating conftantly the Broth or
Deco&ion of Meat and Fiih.

Brandy makes a terrible havock among thePeo-
ple of Canada, for thofe who drink it are much
more numerous than thofe who have the power
to abftam from it. That Liquor, which of it felf
is murdering fluff, and which isbrew'dand adul-
terated

to Nbrffc-America.

47

terated before 'tis imported into this Countrey,
fweeps offmen fo faft, that one who has not feen
the fatal effects of it can fcarce credit em : It ex-
tinguifhes their Natural Heat, and throws almoft
all of 'em into that Languifbing Diforder, which
we call a Confumpion : They look pale, livid and
ghaftly like Skeletons. Their Feafts are the banc
and entire ruine of their Stomacks, as being no-
thing but plentiful Entertainments, at which they
value themfelves upon leaving nothing. . They
pretend, that by vertue of their drinking great
quantities of Water and Broth, they digeft their
Victuals with greater Facility than the Europeans,
who load their Stomacks withWine and other Li-
quors, that produce Crudities.

The Savages are not at all alarm'd by Sicknefs,
for they fear Death much lefs than the Pain and
Duration of their Illnefs. When they are nek,
they only drink Broth, and eat fparingly ; and if
they have the good luck to fall afleep, they think
themfelves cur'd : They have told me frequently,
that deeping and fweating would cure the moft
ftubborn Difeafes in the World. When they are
> fo weak that they cannot get out of Bed, their Re-
lations come and dance and make merry before
'em, in order to divert 'em. To conclude,when
they are ill, they are always vifited by a fort of
Quacks, (Jongleurs); of whom 'twill now be
proper to fubjoin two or three Words by the
bye.

& jongleur is a (ort of Phyfician,or rather a. Quack,.
who being once cur'd of fome dangerous Diftem-
per, has the Prefumption and Folly to fancy that
he is immortal, and poffeffed of the Power of cu-
ring all Difeafes, by fpeaking to the Good and
Evil Spirits. Now though every Body rallies up-
on thefe Fellows when they are abfent, and looks
upon 'em as Fools that have loft their Senfes by

iome

^

48 Some New Voyages

fome violent Diftemper, yet they allow 'em to vi-
fit the Sick ,• whether it be to divert 'em with their
Idle Stories, or to have an Opportunity of feeing
them rave, skip about, cry, houl, and make Grim-
aces and Wry Faces, as if they were poffefs'd.When
all the Buftle is over, they demand a Feaft of a
Stag and fome large Trouts for the Company,
who are thus regal'd at once with Diverfion and
Good Cheer.

When the Quack comes to vifit the Patient, he
examines him very carefully ; If the Evil Spirit be
here, fays he, we Jhall quickly diflodge him. This faid,
he withdraws by himfelf to a little Tent made on
purpofe, where he dances and fmgs houling like
an Owl,- (which gives the JefuitsOccafion to fay,
That the Devil converges with "em.) After he has
made an end of this Quack Jargon, he comes and
rubs the Patient in fome part of his Body, and
pulling fome little Bones out of his Mouth, ac-
quaints the Patient, Thatthefe very Bones came out of
his Body* that he ought to pluck up a good heart, in re-
gard that his Diflemper is but a Trifle ; and in fine, that
in order to accelerate the Cure, 'twill be convenient to
fend his own and his Relations Slaves tojhoot Elks, Deer,
&C. to the end they may all eat of that fort of
Meat , upon which his Cure does abfolutely de-
pend.

Commonly thefe Quacks bring 'em fome Juices
of Plants, which are a fort of Purges, and are
called Maskikik. But the Patients choofe to keep
them by 'em rather than to drink them ; for they
think all Purgatives inflame theMafs of theBlood,
and weaken the Veins and Arteries by their vio-
lent Shocks. All their Cure confifts in fweating
well, in drinking Broth, in keeping themfelves
very warm, in deeping if they can, and in drink-
ing the Lake-water or Spring-water, in the Pa-
roxyfms of Fevers, as well as in other Diftem-
pers. The

to Nortb-Amtncz* 4$

They cannot conceive how we come to te
fuch Fools as to make ufe of Vomits; for when
ever they fee a French-m&n take down fuch &
violent Remedy , they cannot forbear faying
that he fwallows znlroquefe. They pleads that
this fort of Remedy fhakes the whole Machine^
md makes terrible Efforts upon a!i the inward
Parts. But they are yet more atfonifli'd at our
:uftom of Bleeding,- For, fay they, the Blood be**
ng the Taper of Life, we have more occafion to pour U
n than to take out, confidering that Life Jinks when
ts Principal Caufe is movd off $ from whence *t® a
Natural Conference, that after lofs of Blood Nature
'tis but feebly and heavily, the Infrails are overheat-
d, and all the Parts are dryd, which gives rife to all
be Difeafes that afflicl the Europeans.

The Savages are never eight Days together
/ithout Sweating, whether they be well or badj
nly they obferve this difference, that when
ley are perfeAiy well they throw thernfelves
rtiile the fweating moifture is yet upon then^
uo the River in Summer, and into the Snow
i Winter | whereas when they are out of or-
er they go immediately into a warm Bed. Five
r fix Savages may fweat conveniently in the
[ace allotted for that ufe,which is a fort of Oveii
r Stove cover'd with Mats,Skins,ek. In the mid-
le of this Bagnio there ftands aDifli or Porrin-
sr full of burning Brandy, or of great red hot
tones, which occafions fuch a piercing heat,
lat in the twinkling of ah Eye they fweat pro-
igiouQy. They never make ufe of hot Baths
id Glyfters, unlefs it be when they are over per-
vaded by the Jefuits and our Phyiicians,

I remember, that in a Conference I had one

>ay with a Savage, the Barbarian- faid with a

reat deal of Senfe, that a good Air, good Water i

"id Contentment of Mind could not indeed keep a

D d Mzn$

r-

e o Some New Voyages

Man's Life from coming to an end, but that at leafi
frmuftbeownd, that the fe Advantages contribute in
a great measure to make a Man run through the course
of ha Life without king fcnfible of any Dijorder or
Inconvenient They make a Jeft of the Impa-
tience of the Europeans, who would be curd as
foon as they are fick. They alledge that our
fear of Death, occafion'd by the invafion ot the
leaft Feaver, does fo inflame and fortine the Di-
feafe, that oftentimes we fall a Sacrifice to Fear
it felf : whereas if we look'd upon our Illneis as
a Triffle as well as Death, and kept our Bed
with Patience and a good Heart, without offer-
ing Violence to Nature, by cramnung down
Drugs and Medicines , the good old Dame
would not fail to Comfort and Refreih us b$

degrees: . . . r

The Savages are always againft the making uie

of our Surgeons and Phyficians.They amrm,that

all mixtures of Drugs are Poyfon that deftroys

Natural Heat, and confumes the Brealtj and

that Glyfters are only proper for the Europeans.

though after all they fometimes make uie o

them, when the French refort to their Villages

They are of the Opinion, that the obierving o

a Diet heats the Blood, and that 'tis of dange

rous Cofequence to baulk the Appetite as t<

what it craves, provided the Aliment hath ;

good Juice. The Meat that they eat is hm

more than half done ; but their Fifh is alway

over boyl'd. They never touch Sallade, upoj

the Plea that all cold Herbs oblige the Sto

mach to hard labour.

There's no Wound or Diflocation that the
cannot cure with the Simples or Plants, who!
Vertues they are well acquainted with ; anc
which indeed is fingular, their Wounds neve
run to a Gangrene. But after all, this is not t

tp/. %±

^

jj avaoss coimjfrdrn the ftOi>e to
tmvns tnemfches mto if lake

/'■

hutt, d'v/iixq. &Ci

I'VIUTO. tXc

The relations of t/uJick
person, cianctna

*Ajnoiiftivut trout Jor t/ie entcrh

, . . . ^^^^f^^s* - friznt of t/u JPAufttia.it arte/ f-m

7^ Ac re/citiotu ofir c/ececifcl A*

. .y / r v - compatii.

dancing } /

m

i^r%

JUUL"

' F\ fX J^iVV- J he inter m

lit

( -77z<.> interment of ^llp™™

%£

ur tying place for

L/J~avac/es

ific refaUoru of i/ cfecetu a
dancuxa

to Noft^-America.

51

3e imputed to thefe Herbs, nor to the Air of
;he Country, but to their hail Conftitutiohj
ror notwithstanding the ufe of thefe very Heme-
lies a Gangrene invades the Wounds of the
French, who queftionlefs are harder to cure than
he Savages. This People attribute our liable-
lefs to Gangrenes, and indeed all our Difeafes,
o the Salt that we eat ,• for they cannot tafte
ny fait thing without being fick unto Deaths
nd drinking perpetually. They cannot be per-
vaded to drink Ice-water, for they alledge that
\ infeebles the Stomach, and retards Digeftion*
uch, Sir,are their fantaftical Opinions of things,
/hich proceed from their Prepoffeffion and Bi-
otry with reference to their own Cuftoms and
/'ays of Living. 'Tis in vain to vifit them
/hen they lie at the point of Death, in order
3 prefs them to Bleed or take a Purge j for they
ill make anfwer, that they caniiot confent to
le forwarding of their Death by the Remedies
f the French, which they take to be as bad as
le Perfons who exhibit them.
,As foon as a Savage dies he is dreft as neatly
> can be, and his Relations Slaves come and
lourn over him ,• neither Mother,Sifter nor Bro»
ler ftiews the leaft mark of Affliction ; they
ty, Their decas'd Friend is happy in being thus
xempted from farther Sufferings ^ for this good
eople believe, and not without Reafon, that
)eath is a paffage to a better Life. When the
iorps are dreft they fet them upon a Mat in the
ime Pofture as if the Perfon were alive ,• and
is Relations being fet round him, every one in
is turn addreffes him with a Harangue, recoup*
ng all his Exploits as well as thofp of his An-
eftors. He that fpeaks laft expreffes himfelf to
lis purpoTe. c You fuch a one, you fit now a-
with us, and have the fame Shapes that
D d 2 ( we

long

■r-

5 2 Some New Voyages

€ we have j you want neither Arms, nor Head*
€ nor Legs. But at the fame time you ceafe to,
( be, and begin to evaporate like the fmoke of
€ a Pipe. Who is it that talk'd with us but two
c Days ago ? Sure ! 5twas not you ; for then
€ you would fpeak to us ftiil. It muft therefore
c be your Soul which is now lodg'd in the
€ great Country of Souls along with thofe of out
c Nation. This Body which we now behold!
c will in fix Months time become what it was
€ two Hundred Years ago. Thou feeleft no-
€ thing, thou knoweft nothing, and thou feeft
* nothing, becaufe thou art nothing. Never*
€ thelefs out of the Friendfliip we had for thy
c Body while animated by thy Spirit, we thus
€ tender the Marks of that Veneration which i$
c due to our Brethren and our Friends.

After they have made an end of their Haran-
gues the Male Relations remove to make room
for the Hie Friends, who make him the like
Compliment, This done, they ftiut the Corps
up twenty four Hours in the Hut for the Dead,
and during that time are imploy'd in Dances and
Feafts, which are far from bearing amoumfuJ
fliew. After the twenty four Hours are expir'd
the Slaves of the deceas'd Perfon carry his Corp*
upon their Backs to the Burying-place, where it
is laid upon Stakes that are ten Foot high, in a
double Coffin of Bark, with his Arms and fome
Pipes with Tobaco and Indian Corn put up in
the fame Coffin. When the Slaves are carrying
the Corps to the Burying-place, the Male anq
Female Relations accompany them, Dancing all
the while ,• and the reft of the Slaves of the de-
ceas'd Perfon carry fome Baggage, which the
Relations prefent to the dead Perfon and lay up-
on his Coffin. The Savages that live upon th^
long River burn their Corps, as I infinuated be-
fore 5

to North-America.

r$

ore; but you muft know that they keep them
n Vaults or Cellars till they have a fufficient
lumber to burn together, which is perfbrm'd
mt of the Village, in a place fet a part for that
Ceremony- In fine, the Savages know no fuch
hing as Mourning, and never mention the Dead
n particular ,• I mean, they never repeat their
James. They deride us when they hear us re-
ount the Fate of our Parents, our Kings, our
Jenerals, &c

Upon the Death of a Savage his Slaves marry
lie other Women Slaves, and live by themfelves
i a diftinft Hut, as being then free, or fuch as
ave no Mafter to ferve. The Children that
)ring from this fort of Marriages, are adop-
sd and reputed the Children of the Nation,
y reafon of their being born in the Village and
1 the Country. There s no reafon, lay they, that
tch Children fhould bear the Misfortunes of their Pa-
mts, or come into the World in Slavery, Jince they
mtributed nothing towards their Creation. Thefe
laves take care to go every Day to the foot of
tieir Matter's Coffin, and there offer up fome
ipes and Tobaco, as a grateful acknowledgment
t their Liberty. But now that I am got upon
le Subject of Tobaco, I muft acquaint you that
Imoft all the Savages fmoak, but they never
hew Tobaco, nor take it in Snuff. They fow
nd reap a great deal of it, but then it differs
'om what we have in Europe, though our firft
eed came from America ; and in regard that 'tis
i a manner good for nothing, they are fore d to
uy up Brafil Tobaco, which they mix with a
ertain Leaf of an agreeable Smell, call'd Saga-
omi.

■ I have nothing more to fay upon this Head ;

sr I think I have given you a fufficient account

Dd 2 of

*4 Some TsLew Voyages

of fheir Difeafes and of their Remedies, which in
my Opinion are as Savage as themfelves. But let
that be as it will, 'tis certain they feldom die o!
any other Diftemper than of a Pleurify. As m
ths other Difeafes they get over them with th*
greateft danger in the World, for fetting afid<
their Courage and Patience which goes bey one
any thing that we can imagine, they take al
the ways of the the World to burft themfelve
by Eating and Drinking when they have grol
Feavours upon them, and when the fit is ove
fmoaking that Brafil Tobaco, which without dii
pute is the ftrongeft fort that we know of. [\

The Women of this Country are fubje& t
the Natural Diforders as well as elfe where, an
fometimes die of them. 'Tis triie they have a
admirable Remedy for redrefling the Difordei
that flow from that Source ,• I mean, a certai
Potion ,• but it hath no Operation unlefs the
abftain from all manner of Excefs, which the
gre very unwilling to do. Some French Surgeoi
affur'd me^that the European Women void a muc
greater quantity and hold the Flux longer upo
them than thefe Americans, who feldom ha\
thofe upon them above two Days at a tim
Another Inconvenience that frequently anno]
them, is an over- bearing quantity of Milk ; f<
which they ufe to put little Puppies to fuck the
Breads*

to North- America.

55

The Viverfions of Hunting and Shooting
ufual among ^Savages.

I Have already defcrib'd the Hunting of the
Elks and fome other Animals of Canada in
my ioth and nth Letter, fo that now it remains
only to give you an exa<& account of the Bea-
vers, which are faid to be Amphibious Animals^
as I obferv'd in my i'6th Letter, with which I
fent you the Figure of thefe Animals. And be-
caufe thefe Beafts do fome things very furprifing
by a wonderful Inftina:, to give you a right
Notion wherein their Cunning confifts, I fend
you a Draught of thofe Ponds which they know
how to make more Artificially than any Man
can do.

The Savages of Canada refleding on the ex-
cellent Qualities of the Beavers, are wont to
fay, That they have fo much Wit, Capacity and
judgment ,that they cannot believe their Souls die with
their Bodies. They add, That if they were permit-
mitted to reafon about things invifible, and wpich fall
not under their Senfes, they durfi maintain, ^hat they
are Immortal like ours. But not to infill on this
Chimerical Fancy, it muft be allow'd, that there
are an infinite number of Men upon the Earth
( without mentioning the Tartars, the Peafants
of Mufcovy, of Norway, and a Hundred other
forts of People ) who have not the Hundredth
part of the Underftanding which thefe Animals

have. . , .

The Beavers difcover fo much Art in thei :
Works, that we cannot without offering vio-
lence to our Reafon attribute their Skill to mere

D d 4 laftind,

1 6 Some Mem Voyages

Inftincft, for it is lawful to doubt of fome thing!
Whereof we cannot difcover the Caufe, provi
ded they have not any Connexion with Religi
pn ?- I mean fuch things as appear fp ftrange tc
Sence and Reafon, that we cannot give credi
to them, unlefs we have feen them our feives
However, I will venture to write to you mam
Particulars upon this Subjed , which perhap
may make you doubt of the truth of my Nam
five. I will begin with affuring you, that thefi
Animals join together in a Society confifting o
an ^Hundred, and that they feem to talk anc
reafon with one another by certaing bemoaning
inarticulate Sounds. The Savages fay they have
an intelligible Jargon, by means whereof thev
communicate their Sentiments and Thoughts tc
one another. I never was an Eye Witnefs oi
this kind of Aflemblies, but many Savages ant
Coun urs de Beit, who are People worthy oi Cre-
dit, have affur'd me, that there is nothing more
true. They add, that they confult among them-
feives aoout what things they muft do to main-
tarn their Cottages, their Banks and their Lakes,
and about every thing that concerns the Prefer-
vation of their Commonwealth. Thefe good
People would perfwade me, that the Beavers
let Centnes while they are cutting through
great Trees, as big as Tuns, with their Teeth, in
the Neighbourhood of their little Lakes, and
that when thefe Centinels cry out, upon the
approach of Men or Beafts, all the Beavers that
are at Woik throw themfelves into the Water
and fave rhemfelves by diving, till they come
at then Corcages.. I mention this matter of Fa&
upon, the Report or a Thoufand Peifons, who
cou.u ruve no Intercit to impofe upon me with
fablesjj but what follows T have obferv'd my
ielf, m the Country where the Quxaganis Hunt,

which

"

to North* America. 57

which I mention d in the beginning of my 16th
Letter.

The Beavers finding a Rivulet that runs crols
a Meadow, fet themfelves to make Banks and
Ramparts, which flopping the courfe of the
Water caufe an Inundation over the whole Mea-
dow* that ibmetimes is no lefs than two Leagues
in Gircumflrence. This Bank is made with
Trees which they cut down with their four great
Hiarp Teeth, and then drag them along as they
fwim in the Water. Thefe Trees being ranged
a crofs at the bottom of this Meadow, the Ani-
mals load themfelves with Grafs and fat Earth,
which they tranfport upon their great Tails,
and throw in between the Wood with fo much
Art and Induftry, that the moft skilful Bricklayer
can hardly make a ftronger Wall with Lime and
Morter. In the Night time they are heard to
Work with fo much Vigour and Diligence,^ that
one would think them to be Men at Work, if he
were not affur'd before hand that they are Bea-
vers. Their Tails ferve them for Trouels, and
their Teeth for Axes , their Paws fupply the
place of Hands, and their Feet ferve inftead of
Oars; In fine, they make Banks of 4 or yoo
Paces in length, of 20 Feet in heighth, and 7
or 8 in thicknefs, in the fpace of $ or 6 Months,
though there are not above a Hundred at moft
that Work upon them. I muft obferve here by
the by, that the Savages, out of a fcruple of
Confcience, xnever break thefe Banks, but only
bore a hole through them, as I fhall fliow you
hereafter. Befides their Talent of cutting down
the Trees, their Art of making them fall upon
the Water appears to me altogether furpi izing j
for it requires Judgment and clcfe Attention to
fucceed in it, and chiefly to nick tfee time when,
the Wind can affift them to make the fall of the

Tree

5 8 Some New Voyages

Tree more eafie, and to make them fall upon
their little Lakes. But this is not the fineft Work
of thefe Animals, that of their Cottages fur-
paffes all Imagination ; for it requires both Skill
and Strength to make holes at the bottom of the
Water, for planting their fix Pofts which they
take care to place exacftly in the middle of the
Lake : Upon thefe fix Pofts they #x their little
Houfe, which is built in the form of an Oven, and
is made up of fat Earth, Herbs and Branches of
Trees, having three Stories that they may mount
up from one to the other when the Waters rife
by Rains or Thaw. The Rafters are of Ruihes,
and each Beaver hath an Apartment to himfelf.
They enter into their Cabin under Water, thro'
a great hole in the firft Floor, which is encom-
pafs'd with Afp Wood cut in pieces on purpofe,
that they may the more eafily drag it into their
Cells when they have a mind to eat • for fince
it is their common Food,they are always fo Pro-
vident as to lay up great heaps of it, and chiefly
during the Autumn, forefeeing that the cold Wea-
ther will freeze up their Lakes, and keep them
Ihut up two or three Months in their Cabins.

I fiiould never make an end if I attempted to
give an account of all the feveral Artifices of
thefe Ingenious Animals, the Order fettled in
their little Commonwealth, and the Precautions
they ufe to fecure themfelves from the purfuit
of other Animals : I fhall only obferve, that
all other Animals upon Earth, however Strong,
A#ive and Vigorous they may be, have other
Animals which they are affraid of ; but thefe
I now fpeak of are not apprehenfive of any
danger but only from Men, for the Wolves, the
Foxes, the Bears, &c care not for offering to
attack them in their Cabines, although they
have the faculty of Diving ; and it is certain it

is

mt

'

J he 53 fewer hitntina Jpo/wi
•of in u:io lett&r.

A . t/loTroqiieje- Jut prisma their enemies arhitritina .

H . t/ie /limisme/2 coming tn a l>0c/y to meet em

C . a Jcwac/e taAetl prisoner ofryar

13 . a Jat/aae. jttrz>ru 'c/ cine/ 4.z//c7 in the action

JL. t/irTrjatiese iruiiTi£>Li-rh firina upon */ Canoivs

G. i/teJ'ypau&fs snootiha upon if lanorvs that fit/,

W.Jauaacj f/ui/rg to their faftonss

I . Canoi VJ ofkarii

X, Jrifiaaes put to f tea tit

M. ivofnen-f/i/tna Ji/tf/i their ehcf/r/raz

tjlhutforjc huntsmen

0L AMIf \ "JT he precinct of a Ant for ten huntsmen
> mir/c/te

'%

^jSy/w,;

Apoo/or /ttit/e fa4.e m u trttafft ofivhich if

Ke m u t
, p hat/eiy oui/d i/ieir Henmtr

rot. i .

A

Jhe SQcartr Tumtinjf Spoken
■ pf in i/: ia fetter.

\ . fielrJejU&reJurpruuy eleven*** at/uttvim,
I \ if.- huntsmen comuj m a ixji/y to me et /
C ./ favaae taAenprtwner o/ryar

D. a fat -aac wrpri, 'cl ' a,u/ ' IUM 'in t/u actio

\\ . the Trocft*,* inAm^h firing upon/, U

G thelrogueseskoottna upon 1} font

\ ] i.mo/i'j oft>ar£.

i 1 , ../ , in i./<s/?nt to ///'a /it
I M. womr/i/tyuTO n't'//? t/zeir f/ii'/t/rei
I tj/uttforjo huntsmen

' x/te precinct of a Aut/or ten Aunti,
:^f„fln,/„urtc//e

/o r /Uffa f.,f, in Anil/t{ 0/1vntei J

I Ol. A

f

m

■ ■ -j c

f f # ll t f : ~ f

to Nortfc- America.

59

is not their Intereft to do it, for the Beavers
would defend themfelves very eafily with their
iharp cutting Teeth j fo that they cannot be
infulted but by Land, and 'tis for that reafon they
never go farther than twenty Paces from the
edge of their Lake, and always fet Centinels
to watch, who cry out to give them notice
when they hear the leaft noife.

It remains now only that I jliould give an Ac-
count of the Nature of the Countries where the
Beavers are hunted, fome of which are defcrib'd
in my Map. And firft you muft know, that
you cannot go four or five Leagues in the Woods
of Canada Jbut you meet with a little Beaver-Lakes
So that one may fay, that all this vaft Con-
tinent is a Country for Beaver hunting ; but this
is not what I mean. The Places for Hunting
that I now fbeak of are a multitude of little
Lakes replenimd with thefe Animals, the diftance
of which from one to another is inconfiderable.
For Inftance, thofe of Saguinany of V ours qui
dorty of ~ the River of Vuants, are about twenty
Leagues in length, and in that whole compafs
of Ground their are found Sixty little Beaver
Lakes more or lels, where a certain number of
Savages may Hunt in the Winter time. 'Tis
commonly about the end of Autumn that the Sa-
vages fet out from their Villages in a Canow to
go and poft themfelves in the places for Hunting,
and as they know all the places much better
than I do the Streets of Quebec y they agree among
themfelves, as they are Travelling, to allot each
Family a certain compafs of Ground, fo that
when they arrive at the place they divide them-
felves into Tribes. Each Hunter fixes his Houfe
in the Center of that Ground which is his Di~
ihidc , as you may fee defcrib'd in this Cut;
There are eight or tQtx Hunters in each Cot-
tage,

60 Some New Voyages

tage, who have four or five Lakes for their fliarel
In each Lake there is at leaft one Houfe or
Kennel of Beavers, and fometimes two or three.
After the Huntfmen have built their Huts they
employ themfelves in laying Traps for Otters,
Foxes, Bears , Land Beavers and Martens, upon
the fides of their Lakes; and when they are fet
go very orderly to look after them every Day :
But above all they are fo Juft, that they would
choofe rather to die for Hunger than to ftraggle
out of the Bounds allotted them, or to fteal the
Beafts that are taken in their Neighbours Traps.
They feed well and make merry during this
Hunting Seafon, which lafts for four Months ;
for they find more than they have occafion for,
of Trouts, Hares, Wood-Foul, Bears, and fome-
time they meet with Deer and Roebucks.

The Beavers are feldom catch'd by Traps un-
lefs they put in them fome pieces of
* A fort of red Afp * which they love extream-
* Wfflm. ly5 and is not eafie to be found.
They are taken in the Autumn by
making a great hole under their Banks, by which
they drain all the Water out of their Lakes, and
then the Beavers being left on dry Ground the
Savages kill them all, except a dozen of Fe-
males, and half a dozen of Males ,• after which
they are very exaft in flopping up the hole they
had made, which they do in fuch a manner that
the Lake is fill'd with Water as before.

Their way of Hunting in the Winter time
when the Lake is frozen, is by making holes
round the Kennels of the Beavers, upon which
they place Nets that reach from one to the o-
ther, and when they are extended as they fhould
be, they lay open the Kennels of thefe poor
Animals with an Ax ,- upon which they throw
themfelves into the V/ater, and coming to take

Breath

to North-America*

6 1

Breath at thefe Holes, are catch'd in the
Nets ,• at this rate not one of them efcapes,
but the Savages having no mind to extirpate en>
throw back into the Holes/ the fame number oi:
Beavers, Male and Female, as they ufually do at
their Hunting in Autumn, as I have already told
you. n m

They may likewife bekill'd when they Swim
upon the Water , or when they come Aftiore to
cut down Trees,- but then you muft be very well
hid and not ftir, for upon the leaft noife chat they
hear, they throw themfelves into the Water, and
Dive till they come to their Kennels. This way
of Hunting is peculiar to Travellers, who find-
ing themfelves lodg'd near fome Beaver Lake,
endeavour to furprize them, by Sculking be-
hind fome Log or fome great Tree till Night
comes on. m m

The Savages take alfo other Animals in thele
Beaver-Hunting-Countries, by running up and
down. I have already told you, that they fet
Traps, in which Foxes, Wolves, Martens jind o-
thers are catch'd when they bite at the Bait. I
' have tfifo explain'd to you the way of making
this fort of Traps, in my nth Letter. Thefe
Engines do not differ from one another, but only
in bulk : Thofe for the Bears are the ftrongeft,
but they are of no ufe till the beginning of Win-
ter j for then the Bears feek out great Trees
which are Hollow, where the Branches begin to
fpread, that they may Neftle in them. Many
People will hardly believe that thefe Animals can
live 3 Months in fuch Prifons, without any other
Food but the Juice of their Paws which they
fuck continually : And yet the matter of Fad is
undeniably true. But I reckon it yet more ftrange,
that they are able to climb up to thofe Lurking-
Holes, efpecialiy at a time when they are fo Fat,

that

6i

Some TSlew Voyage*

that 2 Savages condud them whither they pleafe
with Poles, they being fcarce able to walk. This
I law ? or 4 times during the Winter in 1687
when I Wmtcr'd at Fort St. Jofepb; fortheiW
or Gamtfouan brought fome of them off, which
enter d the Fort without any relu&ancy.

The Savages make likewife Traps for the Land-
Beavers, which for the reafon given in my 16th
Letter, neftle on the Land, like Foxes, Conies and
Badgers : And notwithftanding that they are pur-
iud by the other Beavers, yet they make their
Dens about the Lakes, Brooks and Rivers. They
are eafily taken in thefe Traps, efpecially when
they are Baited with the Head of an Oner : For
there is fo great an Antipathy between thefe 2
iorts of Animals, that they are continually at
War with one another.

The Savages inform'd me, that they faw a
great Company of Otters Affembled together a-
bout the Month of May, who had the boldnefs
to attack the Beavers in their Huts, but were
beaten back and driven from the Lake with lofs.
They added , that a Beaver can defend him-
lelt againft 3 Otters, by the help of his Teeth
and Tail. In fine, 'tis certain that the Lake
Beavers are feldom taken in Traps, unlefs they
b£ Baited with fome Afpwood, as I have already
oblerv d. I acquainted you above that the Sava-
ges^ vifit their Traps every day, and carry into
their Cottages the Prey that they find catch'd.
Immediately after that, the Slaves Flea theBeafts
that are taken, and itretch out their Skins in the
Air, or on the Ice to dry them. This Imploy-
ment lafts as long as the time of Hunting, which
ends with the great Thaw ,• and then they put
up their Skins in Bundles, and carry them to the
place where they left the Canows when they firft
came into this Hunting-Country.

Altho

to Nor^-America.

H

Altho the Savages have great reafon to be a-
fraid of their Enemies, while they lye difperfed
up and down in a Country, which is no lels than
20 Leagues in Compafs, as I intimated above ;
yet they fcarce ever ufe the Precaution of fend-
ing out Scouts upon all hands, and for want of
it are often Surpriz'd , when they leaft think
of it. I could relate 20 fatal Excurfions of the
Iroquefe into the Hunting-Countries I have been
fpeaking of, in which they cut the Throats of
many of our Friends and Allies. I did all that I
could to perfuade our Allies that their Conduca
was faulty upon this occafion, fince they could
eafily fecure themfelves from fuch Infults, by
Building their Cottages at a place where they
might poll a Guard of Centinels, to watch and
difcover any Enemies, that might advance to
the Frontiers of thefe Hunting-Countries. They
only made anfwer ; that this indeed was rea/onahle3
and that it was true, they did not Jleep in fafety for
want of that 'Precaution. In fine, they imagine
that their Enemies are bufied in Hunting on their
own Coafts,- and upon that Apprehenfion, are
^fuch Fools as not to ufe any Precaution. But
this I know, that the Iroquefe take quite another
Method , having their Scouts and advanc'd
Guards, which are always in Motion j by which
means they are fcarce ever difturb'd in their
Hunting. Neverthelefs, I think I ought not to
conclude this Chapter, without giving you an
account of 2 Attempts wherein the Iroquefe mifs'd
of their defign to furprize their Enemies, tho
they had very good Succefs upon many other oc-

cafions. . ,

In the year 1680. The Oumamis and llmeje be-
ing at Hunting near the River Oumamis • a Party
of 400 Iroyuefe furpriz d them, kill'd go or 40
Hunters, and took 300 Prifoners , including

Women

^4

Some New Voyages

Women and Children. After they had refted at
little while, they prepar'd to return Home by
fhort Journeys , becaufe they had reafon to be-
lieve that they ftiould reach their own Villages
before the Ilinefe and Oumamis could have time to
Rally, and give notice of their Difafter to fuch
of the Nations as were Hunting in remoter Pla-
ces. But they were fo much deceiv'd, that the
Ilinefe and Oumamis Rallied to the number of 200,
and refolv'd to die Fighting rather than fuflfer
their Countrymen to be carried away by the
Iroquefe. In the mean time, becaufe their Party
was not an equal Match for the Enemies, they
contrived a notable Stratagem : For after they
had well confider'd in what manner they fliould
Attack them, they concluded that they ought to
follow them at a fmall diftance till it began to
Rain. Their Project fucceeded, and the Hea-
vens feem'd to favour it : For while it Rain'd
continually one whole day from Morning to
Night, they fo quicken d their pace, from the
time that the Rain begun to fall, that they pafs'd
by on one fide at 2 Leagues diftance from the
Iroquefe, and fo got before them to lay an Ambuf*
cade in the middle of a Meadow, which the E-
nemy was to crofs in order to reach a Wood,
where they had a mind to make a halt and kindle
great Fires. ; The Ilinefe and Oumamis lying upon
their Belly among the Fern, waited till the Iro-
quefe were got into the middle of them before
they Shot off their Arrows ,• and then they At-
tack'd them fo vigoroufly with their Clubs 5
that the Enemy finding their Fire- Arms un-
ferviceable, by reafon that their Prime was
wet, were forc'd to throw them down on the
Ground, and defend themfelves with the fame
Arms wherewith they were Attacked, ( I mean
with Clubs. ) But as I obferv'd before, that the

ilinefe.

to North* America. 6j

Uineje are fomething more dextrous and nimble
;han the Iroquefe, fo the latter wfereforc'd to yield
:o the former-, and retreated Fighting till Night
:ame oil, after they had loft 180 Soldiers. The
Fight which lafted but one hour, had continued
til Night, if the Conquerorshad not been afraid^
eft their Countrymen being ftill Bound and left
>ehind 'em, fliould be exposed to fome Sur«
>rize in the dark : And therefore after they had
ejoyn'd them, and feiz'd all the Fire- Arms of
heir Enemies who were fled and difpers'd up
nd down, they return d into their own Coun-*
ry, without taking one Iroquefe, for fear of weak-
ling themielves.

The 2d Attempt hapned 3 years after this, in
be Hunting-Country of the Outagamis ,• where
he Governor of that Nation, as I inform'd you
1 my 1 6th Letter, gave me 10 Soldiers to ac-
ompany me to the Long River, The Blow
ien given was after this manner. A Body of
000 Iroquefe being come in their Canows about
ie end of Autumn, as far as the Bay of Mifi
fagues, in the Lake of the Hurcns, without being
ifcover'd, Landed at this place ,- and being very
umerous, march'd up the Country with their
lets, in order to Fifh in the little Lakes and
ivers, till the Frofty Seafon fhould come on,
'hich hapned a few days after. After the Ice
'as ftrong enough to bear them, they continued
leir Courfe, coafting along the great Lake of
le Hiitons, till they were 5 or 6 Leagues below
le Fall cali'd Saut Sainte Marle^ which they
'culd not approach to for fear of meeting with
)ine Coureurs de hois in the Fort of the Jesuits.
[aving crofs'd the Bay, they judg'd it convent
tit to make very fliort Journies, for fe^r oc be-*
ig difcover'd. And they were fo cautious
5 to march all in a Row upon the Snow ,• that if
E e by

66 Some New Voyages

by chance any one fliould difcover their Foot-
fteps, it might be thought that they were not
above Thirty or Forty at the moft. After this
manner they TravelVd till the i yth or 20th of
February, without being perceiv'd, but at laft they
had the misfortune to be difcover'd by four Sau-
tmrsy who feeing fo great a number pafs over a
little Lake, run with all fpeed to the Hunting
Country of the Outagamis to give them notice^
notwithftanding that theSauteursweve then atWar
with the Outagamis. In the mean time the ThaW
coming on fuddenly contrary to the Expe&atioa
of the Iroquefe, who reekon'd upon Twenty
Days of Froft to come, according to the com-
mon courfe of the Seafon ,• this made them
mend their pace, and look out for the narroweft
and leaft frequented Paffes. The Outagamu
were mightily perplex'd what courfe to take ii£
this cafe, It was certain that they might gel
back again to their Villages in fafety, but the|
they would be fore d to abandon their Wiv^l
and Children, who had not ftrength to run ai
the Men. In fine, after they had held a Coun-
cil among themfelves, they refolv'd to advana
as far as a certain Pafs about half a League ii
length and Thirty Paces in breadth,between tw<
little Lakes, which way they faw plainly tha
the Ircquefe were oblig'd to pafs.

The Outagamis being no more than four Hun
dred thought fit to divide themfelves into twl
Bodies, and it was agreed, that two Hundrd
Jhould be polled at the end of a Pafs which the;
ibould Fortifie immediately with a Range o
Stakes from one Lake to another ,• and that di
other two Hundred ibould go about' a quarter c
a League off of the other end of the Pafs, thti
which the Iroquefe were to march, to the era
that every one having cut down a Stake the

migfc

to North-America..

67

might all run quickly in to flop up that end of
the Paffage, and that immediately after the Iro-
juefe had entred the Defile, the Scouts appointed
:o obferve their March fliould come and give
:hem notice ; all which was pun&ually put in
Execution: For as foon as that great Multitude,
vho induftrioufly pitch'd upon the narrow
loads, was entred into this Pafs, the two Hun-
ired Outagamis, who were about a quarter of a
-eague to one fide of it,runin with all theirMight
md carried with them a fufficient number of
>ales to enclofe that little piece of Land which
^as bounded by the two little Lakes, fo that they
lad time enough to fet them up and fatten them
vith Earth, before the Iroquefe, being aftonifli'd

0 find their way block'd up at the other end,
ould return back the fame way, to fee them-
rfves fhut up between two Barricadoes. Now
he Savages, as I have often told you, are never
;> rafli as to attack a Redoubt of Fifty Palifa-
oes, yet thefe Iroquefe were refolv'd to venture
pon an Attack, and with that view run up with
11 expedition to force the new Barricado ,• but
ley flacken'd their pace after the firft difcharge
rhich the Outagamis made through the intervalls
f the Pales, for they had not time to joyn
lem as they fhould be. The Iroquefe feeing
lemfelves thus fhut up, took the number of the
Outagamis to be much greater than realy it was*
a the mean time the great Queftion was, how

1 get out of this Prifon ? For to throw them-
jives into the Water and fwim over one of thefe
Jakes, was to run tthe hazard of ones Life, be-
des that one muft be long-winded and have a
pod Heart to fwim over a broad Lake, at, a time
fhen the Water was cold, the Ice being not
uite melted. This Confutation gave the Outa-
mis time to fortifie their Barricadoes, and to

E e 2 fend

68 Some New Voyages

fend out Scouts who were plac'd at a diftance
from one another , upon the Banks of thefe
two Lakes, to knock all on the Head that offer'd
to fwim to the flxore.

Notwithftanding all thefe Precautions the Iro-
quefe found out a wonderful Expedient, which
was to make Floats of the Trees wherewith
they were encompafs'd,- but the blows of the
Ax made too great a noife, which difcover'd
their Defign to the Outagamis, and therefore they
made Canows of Hart-skins to run backward
and forward upon the two Lakes in the Nighc
time. Thefe Boats were made in five or fi&
Days, during which time the Iroquefe fifti'd and
cateh'd abundance of Trouts in the fight of the
Outagamis, who could not hinder them. After,
this no body doubted, but they muft crofs one
of the Lakes, and fight ftoutly when they came
to the Landing place, in cafe their fecret Navi-
gation was difcover'd. That they might the bet-
ter fucceed in their Defign they made a Feint^
which had infallibly anfwerd their end if th$
bottom of the Lake had not been Clay : For a*
bout Midnight having Sacrific'd Twenty Slaves
upon one of the Lakes, whom they forc'd to
pufii a Float along, they made account to pafs
the other the fame way, making ufe of Poles
inftead of Oars : But in regard that the Poles
funk fo deep into the Clay, that the Steerfmen
could not pull them out again without great dif-
ficulty, they made but flow difpatch ,• infomuch
that the Outagamis, that at firft were under a
miftake in joyning themfelves to the Slaves, had
time to run to the other Lake, where they
found the Iroyuefe about a Musket-fhot off the
Shore. As foon as the Iroqucfe came to have but
three Foot Water they threw themfelves into
the Water with their Guns cock'd, fuffering at

the

to North-America.

69

he fame time the Fire of the Qutagamis, who
were not above three Hundred, there being Fif-
:y of them left to guard each Barricado. 'Tis
t wonder the Iroquefe were not all cut off in the
Landing, for they funk in the Clay up to their
Cnees. 'Tis true, 'twas in the Night time, and
br that reafon all the Enemy's Fire might not
>ear upon them. However five Hundred of.
hem fell in the Water, and the reft having
;ain'd the Shoar notwithftanding all the oppo-
ition of the Outagamis, attack'd them with fuch
?ury that if the Hundred Men that were left for
Guard to the Barricadoes had not run in to
heir Afliftance upon the firft noife of the Guns,
lie poor Outagamis were in danger of falling up-
n the Spot. They fought till the break of
)ay with wonderful fury, and that in the great-
ft Confufion imaginable, being difpers'd up
nd down a Wood, infomuch that feveral were
ilfd by their own Men, who could not diftin-
uifh who was who* The Iroqmfe were obfti-
ately refolv'd not to yield the Field of Battel,
ut of regard to their wounded Men, and in
anfideration that they would not have the Ou-
tgamis to take the Hair of their Dead. But at
[ft they were oblig'd to give way, without be-
lg purfued, and fled half a League off where
ley rally'd. I was informed by feveral Iroquefe
)meYears after this Engagement happen d, that
lofe who furviv'd the Engagement were for
enturing upon a new Brufii; but confidering
lat they wanted Powder, and that they were
blig'd to return home through the Country of
le Sauteurs, or thofe who live on the Confines
f the great Water Falls, they chang'd their Re-
)lution. But after all they were much out in
ot coming to a frefli Engagement } for being
ill three Hundred ftrong they could not but
■ E e % have

,

70 Some TStew Voyages

have the better of it, for the Outagamis were not
fo numerous by one third, having loft half their
number in that {harp Engagement, not to men-
tion that of the two Hundred which remain'd
there wereThirtyWounded.In fliort thcOutagamis
having intrenched themfelves in the fame place
where the Fight was, took care in the firft place
to drefs the Wounds both of their own Men and
of their Prifoners ; and after taking the Hail
off the Heads of all their dead Enemies, fent
out Scouts to obferve the Enemy, after which
they returnd home in fafety.

When the Outagamis arriv'd at their Villages,
the firft thing they did was a return of Thanks t<
the four Sauteurs that had given them Intelli
gence of the approach of the Iraquefe. The]
proclaim'd them to be great Matters of War, an<
prefented em with one half of what they ha<
got at Hunting, which amounted to Sixty Thou
fand Growns3 pretending farther, that thefe fou
Savages ought to inherit the Beaver and othe
Skins belonging to thofe of the Outagamis tha
were kill'd in the Battle. In fine, atter enter
taining thofe Intelligencers with good Chear,an<
all the Marks of Honour that were poflible ii
their way, they fent them in a Canow to San
St. Mary5 by the way of the Bay of Puanies, wit]
a Guard of Fifty Warriors. The Sauteurs refus'
both their Prefents and their Convoy, upon th
account that the two Nations were then at Wa
with one another : But the Outagamis forc'd ther
upon 'em, and 'twas this that procured a Peac
between them at the end of four Months.

This, Sir, as I take it is fufficient to give yo
an Idea of the Hazards that the Savages run i
their Beaver Hunting. In the mean time, th<
I have but juft made an end of two Militar
Adventures, yet I allot the very next Chapt*

fc

to North- America/ y\

for an account of their Military Art, in which
youl meet with fomethings that will ferve far
Diverfion to your felf and and Entertainment to
your Friends.

the Military Art of the Savages.

THE Savage call'd Rat, whom Ihavemen*
tiond fo often in my Letters, has faid
to me feveral times, that the only thing in the
World that vex d and difturb'd his Mind was the
feeing Men wage War with Men. Prithee, my
Brother, faid he, do but look ; our Dogs agree per*
feBly well with the Iroquefe Dogs, and thofe of the
Iroquefe bear no Enmity to the Dogs that come from
France. I do not know any Animal that wages War
with others of Its own Species, excepting Man, who
upon this [core Is more Unnatural than the Beafis:
For my part ( continues he ) lam of the Opinion,
that If the Brutes could Think and Reafon, and com-
municate their Thoughts, 'twould be an eajie matter
for them to extrlpate the Human Race : For, in ear-
nejt, if the Bears and Wolves were but capable of
forming a Republick , who could hinder them to
draw together a Body of ten or twelve Thoufand, and
to fall upon us ? If fuch a thing jhould happen, what
defence can we make? They would fcale our Villa-
ges with the greatest Facility Imaginable, and after the
pulling down of our Huts devour our felves. Could
we In fuch a Cafe undertake a Hunting Expedition,
without running the rifque of being torn in Pieces ?
We jhould then be reducdto live upon Accorns and
Roots, without Arms and without Cloaths, and tq run
the perpetual hazard of falling Into the Clutches of
thefe Animals. Their Strength and Nimblenefs would
fink all Oppofition from us, and command us to yield.

Ee 4

Let

7 1 Some ISlew Voyages

Let us conclude therefore, my dear Brother, that this
Reafon which Man hoaffis fo much of is the greatefi
Jnfirument of his Mifery ,- and that if Meniere with-
out that Faculty of Thinking, Arguing and Speaking,
they would not imbarque in mutual Wars as they now
do, without any regard to Humanity or Sacred Tro-
mifes.

Such, Sir, are the Moral Thoughts of a Sa-
vage , who pretends to Philofophife upon the
Cuftom that we have of killing Men with Juftice
and Honour. The Jefuits do their uttnoft to
remoye this Scruple by fuch Reafons as they
have, as they do upon feveral other Subjefts, and
the Savages hear 'em very gravely, but at the
lame time they tell em that they do not under-
ftand em.

The Wars of the Savages are grounded upon
the Right of Hunting, or of a Paffage upon fuch
and fuch Grounds ,• for their Limits are adjufted,
and every Nation is perfectly well acquainted
With the Boundaries of their own Country. Now
thefe Americans are 3s Cruel to their Enemies, as
they are True to their Allies ,• for foroe Nations
among them ufe their Prifoners with the laft de-
gree of Inhumanity } as I mall (hew you more
at large in the Sequel. When the Europeans offer
to Cenfure the Savages for their barbarous and
cruel Ufage, they reply very coldiy, That Life is
nothing, that they are not revengd on their Enemies by
cutting their Throats, hut by putting them to along,
tedious, Jiarp and lafiing Torture ; and that Women
would be as chearful Warriors as Men, if there ivzre
nothing to be fear d but bare Death. At the Age of
begin to bear Arms, and lay 'em
_Jf they happen to Lear Aims
'tis only in the way of maraud
% not lifted into the number

•• >wh ar Fifn

. 'it cr later

in

for the)' a:
^jrridis,

ox

Th«

to Kor th» America.

71

The Strength of the lroquefe lies in engaging
with Fire- Arms in a Forreft ,* for they flioot ve-
ry dexteroufly ; befides that they are very well
vers'd in making the beft advantage of every
thing, by covering themfelves with Trees, be-
hind which they ftand ftock ftill after they have
difcharg'd, though their Enemies be twice their
Number. But in regard that they are more
clumfy and not fo clever as the more Southern
Americans, they have no Dexerity in handling a
Club ; and thus it comes to pafs, that they are
always worfted in the open Fields where the
i Clubs are the only Weapons ,• for which Reafon
they avoid any Engagement in Meadows or o-
pen Fields as much as is poflible.

The Savages never court an Engagement but
by way of Surprifal, that is, the fide which makes
the firft difcovery is almoft always fure of having
the better of it ,♦ for they have it in their choice
to make the Attack either in the open Field, or
in the mod dangerous Defiles or Paffes.

In the Day time they take all the Precaution
\ in the World to cover their March, by fending
out Scouts on all Hands, unlefs it be that the
Party is fo ftrong as to fear nothing ,• for then,
indeed, they March all in a clofe Body. But
they are as Negligent in the Night time, as they
are Vigilant in the Day ,* for they place neither
Centries nor Guards at the entry of their Camp,
and when they go a Hunting or Shooting of Bea-
vers, they are equally fecure or carelefs. When
I enquir'd into the reafon of this bad Difcipline,
I was affur'd that the Savages did it by way of
Preemption, as reckoning fo much upon the
Reputation of their Valour, that, they imagine
their Eqemies will not not be To bol^ as to At-
tack them : And when they fend out Scouts in
jhe Day time, that Precaution proceeds more

from

74 Some %&& Voyages

from an itch to furprife their Enemies, than from
the fear of being furpris'd themfelves.

There are a great many Savage Nations in
Canada that tremble at the very Name of the Itch
quefe, for the latter are a brave fort of People ;
they are expert Warriors, ready upon all Enter-
priles, and capable to put them in Execution,
with all due Dexterity, Tis true, they are not
fo fprightly as moft of their Enemies, nor fo
happy in fighting with Clubs,- and 'tis for that
Reafon that they never march but in numerous
Bodies, and that by flower Marches than thofe
of the other Savages. In fine, you'l fee in my
Lift of the Nations of Canada , which of 'em
are Warlike, and which are only qualify 'd for
Hunting.

The Savages have a wonderful Talent in fur-
prifing their Enemies j for they can trace the
Footfteps of Men and Beafts upon Grafs and
Leaves, better than the Europeans can upon Snow
or wet Sand. Nay, which is more, they can
diftinguifli with a great deal of Facility between
frefti Tra&s and thofe of longer ftanding, and
can make a juftEftimate of the number and kind
that made them. Thefe Tra&s they follow
whole Days without being miftaken. This I
have feen fo often with my own Eyes, that
there's no room left for the leaft doubt upon
the matter.

The Warriors never undertake any thing
without the Advice of the Ancient Men, to
whom they propofe their Projeds. Upon a Pro-
pofal thus made the old Men meet and confult
upon it ,• after which their Speaker walks out of
the Council-Hut, and with a loud Voice Pro-
claims the Refolution of the Council, that all
the Village may have due Information of the
fame.

You

to North-Amenca.*

75

■Mf

You muft obferve that each Village hath its
General or Great Head of the Warriors, who in
confideration of his Valour, Capacity and Ex-
perience is proclaim'd fuch by an unanimous
Confent. But after all, this Title invefts him
with no Power over the Warriors; for thefe Peo^
pie are Strangers to a Military as well as to a
Civil Subordination. Nay, they are fo far from
it, that if the great Leader ftiould order the filly-
eft and moft pittiful Fellow in his Army to do fo
and fo, why truly, this fliaddow of a Captain
would receive this Anfwer from the Centine!,
That what he orders another to do he ought to do it
hirnfelf. But 'tis fuch an uncommon thing for
the Leader to ad fo indifcreetly, that I Queftion
if there be one Inftance of it. However this
mutual Independance is of no ill Confequence ;
for though the great Leader is not invefted with
Power and Authority, yet they acquiefce entire-
ly in what he Propofes. He no fooner opens
his Mouth in faying, I think fuch and fuch a thing
proper, let's detach Ten or Twenty Men, &c. than
'tis put in Execution, without the leaft Oppofi-
tion. Befides the great Leader there are fome
other Leaders that Head a certain number of
Warriors who follow them out of Friendftiip
and Refped ; and thefe are not look'd upon as
as Leaders or Commanders by any other than
their own Family or Followers.

When the old Men think it proper that aParty
of Warriors Ihould take the Field,the Great Leader
who always affifts at the Council, hath the privi-
lege of making his choice whether he'll Head
them hirnfelf, or ftay at home in the Village. If
he hath a mind to go himfelf,he orders the Oyer
of that Nation to make publick Proclamation in
all the Streets of the Village, That on fuch a
Day he gives the Feaft of War to thofe who

pleafe

7 6 Some New Voyages

pleafe to be prefent. Then, thofe who have a
mind to go in chat Party, fend their Dirties to the
General's Houfe on the appointed day, and are
fure to be there themfelves before noon. When
the Company is all gathered, the General walks
out to a publick place with his Club in his hand,
being followed by the Warriours who fit down
round him. This done, there comes fix Savages,
with as many Kettle-Drums, which make a Clut-
ter, rather than a Warlike Sound. Thefe Drum-
mers fit down fquat upon their Tails by a Poft
fix d in the Center ol the great Ring : And at
the fame time, the General fixes his Eyes upon
the Sun, ail the Company following his example,
and makes his Addreffes to the Great Spirit •
aftsr which a Sacrifice is commonly offer'd up.
When this Ceremony is over, he fings the Song
of War, the Drummers beating Time to him af-
ter their way ,• and at the end of every Period,
which contains one of his Exploits, he knocks a-
gainft the Poft with his Club. When he has
made an end of his Song, each Warriour fings in
his turn after the fame fafliion, provided he has
made a Campagne before ,• for if he has not,
he's doom'd to Silence. This done, the whole
Company returns to the General's Hutt, where
they find their Dinner ready for them.

If the General do's not think it fit to Command
the Party in Perfon, and choofes to ftay at
home ; the Warriours that defign to go upon the
Party, choofe one of the Under-Leaders that I
mention d but now : And the Under-Leader thus
chofen, obferves the fame Ceremonies of Ad-
dreffing the Great Spirit , Sacrificing, Singing,
and Feafting. The laft Ceremony is continued
every day till they March out.

Some of chafe Parties go half way, or thres
quarters of their way in Canows ; particularly •

thole

to North-Amcticz*

77

thofe who live upon the Banks of Lakes,, as .well
as the kcyuefe. The Iroyuefe havp this advantage
over their Enemies, that they ate all Arni'd with
good Fire-Locks,- whereas the others who ufe
thole Engines only for the Shooting of Beafts,
have not above half their number provided with
'em: And 'tis for this re^fon, that the nearer
they come to their Enemies Country, the lefs
they fpread out in Hunting or Shooting, efpeci-
ally with Fire- Arms, the report of which might
Alarm the Enemy. When they come within
thirty or forty Leagues of danger, they give over
Hunting and Shooting, being afraid to fire their
Guns,- and content themfelves with the Indian
Corn, of which each of them carries a Bag often
pound weight ,• and upon which they feed, after
'tis mix'd with a little Water without Boiling.

When the Ittinefe, the Outagawisy the Hurms,
and the Sauteurs wage War with the Ircquefe, and
have a mind to make a bold Attempt ,- if there
be but thirty of theni, they'll march dire&ly up
to the end of the Village, prefuming that incaie
of a difcovery, they can eafiiy fave themfelves by
their good- Heels. In the mean time, they have
the Precaution to March one after another f and
he that comes laft takes care to ftrow the Ground
with Leaves, in order to cover their fbotfteps.
After they have palt the Village, and are got in-
to the Iroquefc Country, they run all night ; and
in the day time lye flat upon their Bellies, in the
Copfes and Thickets, being fometimes difpers'd,
and fometimes all in a Body. Towards the Eve-
ning, or as foon as the Sun fets, they Spring out
from their Ambufcade, and fall- upon every one
they meet, without fparing either Age or Sex :
For 'tis a cuftomary thing with thefe ' Warriours
to ftiew no Mercy, not to' Children and Women,
After they have fintilid their Maffaere^ and taken

the

7 8 Some Kern Voyages

the Hair off the Heads of the Dead, they have
the boldnefs to make a Funeral Cry. If they fee
any Iroqaefe at a diftance, they ftrain their Voices
to acquaint em that they have kill'd fome of
their Folks, whom they may take care to Bury:
That the A&ion was accomplilh'd by fuch a Lea-
der and fuch a Nation. This done, they all
betake themfelves to Flight by different Roads,
and run with their utmoft fpeed till they come to
a general place of Rendezvous, about thirty or
forty Leagues off In the mean time, the bomuf*
do not give themfelves the trouble of purfuing
them, as being fenfible that they are not fo nim-
ble Footed as to overtake 'em.

If thefe Parties are two or three hundred Men
ftrong, they'll venture to enter the Village in the
Night time ,• making one or two of their War-
nours to Scale the Paliffadoes and open the Gates,
in cafe they are fhut. But you mull know, that
the Outaouas, as well as the other Savages that
have not fo much Courage and Adivity, content
themfelves with purfuing the Iroquefe'm the Coun-
tries where they Hunt or Filh : For they dare
not come within forty Leagues of their Villages,
unlets they know of a place of Refuge, in cafe
or a difcovery or purfuit : And there can be no
other Refuge than fome little Forts kept up by
the French. . ."

The Savages never take any Prifoners at the
Gates of their Enemies Villages ,• by reafon of
the Expedition they are oblig'd to make in run-
ning Night and Day to lave themfelves : "Tis in
the Hunting and Filliing Countries, and in the
other places that afford them an opportunity of
lurprizing their Enemy , that they take 'em
'"'°"e.rs : For upon fuch occafions, the weaker
lide being forc'd to give way, and to maintain a
running Fight without any Order, or Difcipline,

while

to Norf/j-America.

79

while every one flies his own way, 'tis not pof-
fible but that the Conquerors muft take Prifon-
ers : And there's always fome ftrong brawny Sa-
vages who know how to throw down the Pri-
soner dextroufly, and to bind him in a moment.
But there are fome of the defeated Parties, who
choofe rather to kill themfelves than to be took
Prifoners ,* and others are fo obftinate that they
muft be Wounded before they can be catch'd.
As foon as a Savage is Fetterd, he fings his
Death Song, after the manner defcrib'd in my
23d Letter. The Iroquefe that have the misfor-
tune to be catch'd, have nothing to expeft but
fearful Torture, if they fall into the hands of the
Oumamisy the Outaouas, the Algonkins, and the
Savages of Canada : For thefe People areextream
cruel to their Prifoners. The leaft Puniftiment
they inflid upon 'em, is, that of obliging the
poor Wretches to put their Finger into the mouth
of a lighted Pipe ,• which makes an agreeable di-
verfion to the Conqueror in his Journey home.
The other Nations ufe their Prifoners with much
more Humanity. From hence we may con-
clude, that we ought to make a great difference
between the* feveral Nations of Canada ; fome
of which are Warlike, others Cowardly ,• fome
a lively A&ive People, others Heavy and Dull :
In a Word, the Cafe is the fame in America as it
is in Europe, where every Nation has not the Vir-
tues or Vices of another. For the Iroquefe, and
the other Nations that I nam'd along with them,
burn all their Prifoners ; whereas the other Na-
tions content themfelves with the keeping of
them in Slavery, without putting any to Death,
'Tis the firft fort that I mean to fpeak of in the
three enfuing Paragraphs,

As

8<

Some Wt&> Voyages

As foon as a party of Barbarians approach their
own Village, they make as many Dead-Cries as
they have loft Men ; and when they come with*
in a Mufquet-Shot of the Village, they renew
the mournful Tune ,• and repeat it for a certain
number of times anfwerable to the number of
the flain among the Enemies. Then the Youths
under fixteen, and above twelve years of age,
Arm themfelves with Sticks, and make a Lane in
order to beat the Prifoners, which they put in
execution as foon as the Warriours have made
their entry, carrying the Hair of thofethey have
flain upon the end of their Bows.

The next day, the old Men meet in Council
upon the diftribution of the Prifoners, which are
commonly prefented to fuch Married Women or
Maids as have loft Relations in the Expedition,
and to thofe that want Slaves. After the diftri-
bution is adjufted, three or four Young Scoun-
drels of the Age of fifteen, take the Prifoners
and condud them to thefe Women or Girles.
Now, if the Woman to whom the prefent is
made, means that the poor Wretch mould die,
fhe gives him to underftand that her Father, her
Brother, her Husband., &c having no Slaves to
ferve them in the Country of the Dead, it be-
hoves him to take a Journey thither out of hand.
If evidence be brought that the poor Slave has
kilfd either Women or Children in his lifetime,
the young Executioners lead him to a Woodpile,
where he is forc'd to undergo the difmal Tor-
ments mentioned in my 23d Letter,- and fome-
times fomewhat that is yet more terrible. But it
the unfortunate Prifoner can make it appear that
he only kill'd Men, they content themfelves
with the Shooting of him. If the Woman or
Girl has a mind to fave the Prifoners life ( which
often happens) fhe takes him by the hand ,* and

after

/

a. So.

yi Bo iv
'Jul' call'd Caffe-tztc

■ft "nAmr

>aoi taken in ivar cmd
i/tttbif his Enemies

^4 woman tfiat condemns to dtath a
prifenet* thatu

to KorthAmmci.

i

after conducing him into the Hut, cuts his Bonds
and orders him Cloaths, Arms, Victuals and To-
bacco. This favour is ufually aecompany'd with
:hefe words. I have given thee thy life, 1 hava
knocked off thy chains, pluck up a good heart, ferve
me well, be not ill minded, and thou [halt have where-
ipon to comfort thee for the lofi of thy Country and thy
delations. Sometimes the Iroquefe Women adopt
:he Slaves that are prefented to 'em , and then
hey are look'd upon as Members of the Nation.
Is for the Women Prifoners they are diftributed
imong the Men, who are fure to grant ?em
heir lives.

You muft take notice that the Savages of Ca*
wda never exchange their Prifoners. As foon as
hey are put in Chains, their Relations and the
/hole Nation to which they retain, look upon
;m as dead,* unlefs it be that they were fo much
bounded when they were taken, that they
ould not poflibly kill themfelves. Thefe indeed
[iey receive when they make their efcape ,• but
: the other Prifoners fliould offer to return, they
/ould be contemnd by their neareft Relations,
nd no body would receive 'em. The way of
raging War among the Savages is fo hadh, that
ne muft have a Body of Steel to bear the Fa-
gues they are oblig d to undergo. Now if we
)yn to this inconveniency that of their giving
ut little Quarter to one another,- and for the
10ft part, without any regard either to Women
r Children, we will not think it ftrange that
le number of their Warriours is fo fmall, that
)metimes one Nation can icarce mufter up a
loufand.

The Savages are never rafh in declaring War,*
ley hold frequent Councils before they refolve
pon it, and muft be very well aiTur'd of the
:e4dinefs of the Neighbouring Nations, whofe

Ff

Alliance

Sx Some New Voyages

Alliance or Neutrality they require. Befides,
before they come to fuch a refolution, they make
it their bufinefsto fathom the Minds of fuch Na-
tions as lye remote ; to the end that they may
take juft meafures, by weighing all the Confe-
quences ferioufly, and endeavouring to forefee all
the accidents that may happen. They ufe the Pre-
caution offending Deputies to the People whom
they propofe for their Allies,to make a narrow in-
quiry whether their Old Men have Heads well
turn d for Government, and for the giving ol
judicious and feafonabl? Counfels to their War-
riours, whofe number they want to know as well
as their Valour and Experience. The next thin£
that they have in view, is the carrying on of th<
Trade of Skins with the French without difad*
vantage, and the Hunting of Beavers in Winte:
without expofing themfelves to danger. Afte;
all, they make this propofal to their Allies ^ tha
they ftiall engage not to put an end to the Wa
till their Enemies are intirely deftroy'd, or elf
oblig'd to abdicate their Country.

Their way of declaring War is this : The;
1 fend back to the Nation that they have a mind *
quarrel with, a Slave of the fame Country ,• wit.
orders to carry to the Village of his own Nati
on an Axe, the Handle of which is painted re
and black. Sometimes they fend three or fou
fuch Slaves, obliging them to promife befoi
hand, that they (hall not bear Arms againft them
and commonly this Promife is religioufly ol
ferv'd,

It remains only to acquaint you how the
make Peace ; you muft know that the Savage
never think of an Accommodation till after
long War : But when they are fenfible that 't
their Intereft to come to it they detach five, j
ten, or fifteen, or twenty Warriors, to make

Pr<

to North- Ammcz.

H

Propofal to the Enemies. Thefe Gommiffioneri
go fometimes by Land, and fometimes in Ga~
nows, and always carry the great Calumet of
Peace in their Hand, much after the fame man-
ner as a Cornet carries his Standard. I fet forth
in my Seventh Letter what a profound Venerati-
on all the Savages of CanaJa'h&ve for this famous
Pipe. There was not one Inftance of their Vio-
lating the Sacred Rights of this Pipe before the
Embaffy of Chevalier Do3 at which time they
took occafion to revenge the Bufinefs of the Rat3
as I gave you to know in my Seventeenth Let-
ter. If the Commiffioners of Peace march
!>y Land;, as foon as they arrive within a Musket-
[not of the Village, fome young Men march out
md poft themfelves in an oval Figure. This
lone, the Commiffioner that carries that great
ign of Peace., makes up towards them., finging
md dancing the Calumet Dance $ which he
rontinues to do while the old Men meet in
Council. If the Inhabitants of the Village do
lot think it proper to accept of the Propofal of
*£ace, their Orator or Speaker makes a Haran-
;ue to the Envoy that carries the Calumet, who
ipon that goes and rejoins his Company. This
^aciftck Retinue is regal'd with Prefents of
rents, Corn, Meat and FiJlij but at the fame
ime they are acquainted that they muft depart
heir Country the next Day. If on the other
fond, the old Men agree to the conclufioh of a
>eace, they march out and meet the Commiffi-
>ners, and after conduding the whole Company
nto the Village, provide them with extraordina-
y good Lodgings and a plentiful Table, during
he whole courfe of the Negotiation. When the
commiffioners come by Water they fend out a
2anow while the reft lye by ;. and as foon as
his Canow comes near to the Village, the Inba-
F f 2 tanfs

84 Some New Voyages

bitants of the Village fend out another to meet
it, and condud the Propofer of Peace to their
Habitations, where the Ceremonies are per-
formed after the fame manner as before. This
great Calumet is likewife made ufe of by the
Confederate Savages, that demand Paffage thro*
the Country of their Allies, whether by Land
or Water, in purfuance of Warlike or Hunting
Expeditions.

A View of the Heraldry \ or the Coats of
Arms of ffo Savages.

AFter a perufal of the former Accounts 1
fent you of the Ignorance of the Savages
with reference to Sciences, you will not think it
ftrange that they are unacquainted with Heral-
dry. The Figures you have reprefented in this
Cut will certainly appear ridiculous to you, anc
indeed they are nothing lefs : But after all you !
content your felf with excufing thefe pool
Wretches, without rallying upon their extraya
gant Fancies. They make ufe of the Blazoning
reprefented in the Cut, for the following Pur
pofes .

When a Party of Savages have routed their E
nemies in any Place wjiatfoever, the Conque-
rours take care to pull the Bark off the Tree
for the height of five or fix Foot in all Place
where they flop in returning to their own Coun
try ; and in honour of their Vicftory paint cer
tain Images with Coal pounded and beat u]
with Fat and Oyl. Thefe Pictures, which ar<
defign'd and explain'd in the infuing Chapter
continue upon the peel' d Tree for ten or twelv<

Years

~F*4\

J. fie arms of t/i,° Outag emits cailcl

TAe arms of the Outc/upoues alias
Jfauteai's

-

to North- America.

sy

Years, as if they were Grav'd, without being
defacdby the Rain.

This they do to give all Paffangers to under-
ftand what Exploits they have don§. The Arms
For the Nation, and fometimes a particular Mark
r0r the Leader of the Party, are painted in Co-
lours upon thefe ftrip'd Trees ; and for that rea-
fon 'twil not be improper to fubjoin a Defcripti-*
on of 'em.

The five Outaouafe Nations have a Sinople or
Sreen Field, with four Elks in Sable Canton'd,
md looking to the four Corners of the Efcutch-
?on, there being a heap of Sand in the mid-
dle.

The Mnefe bear a Beech Leaf with a Butterfly
Urgent.

The Nadoueffis or Scieux have a Squirrel Gules,
jnawing a Citron On

The Hurons bear a Beaver Sable, fet fquat upon
t Beaver Kennel Argent, the midft of a Pool
)x Lake.

The Outagamis bear a Meadow Sinople, crofs'd
>y a winding River Pale3 with two Foxes Gules
I the two Extremities of the River, in Chief and
toint.

The Pouteoutamis call'd Tuants bear a Dog in
Urgent, fleeping upon a Mat £ Or. Thefe Peo-
ple obferve the Rules of Blazoning lefs than the
)ther Nations,

The Oumamis have a Bear Sable, pulling down
vith his two Paws a Tree Sinople moffy3 and
aid along the Efcutcheon.

The Oucahipoues, call'd Sauteurs, have an Ea-
jle Sable, pearching upon the top of a Rock
Urgent, and devouring an Owl Gules.

Ff 3

m

$6 Some New Voyages

An Explication of the Hieroglyphicks that
fiand cppofite to the Letters ABCDEt
6 H I K, being placd at the fide of a Co*
lumn reprefenting the Foot of a fuppost
Tree.

IF we take the Word Hieroglyfhkk in its natti
ral Senfe> 'tis only a Reprefentation of Sa
ored and Divine Objeds,, Calculated according
to the Ideas we have of em. But without am
regard to the Etymology, I choofe rather tj
make ufe of the common Priviledge of an infi
siity of Authors, in beftowing the Title of Hie
roglyphick Symbols upon all thefe Figures tha
eorrefpond to the following Letters.

A. Oppofite to this Letter you fee the Arm
of France, with an Ax above. Now the Ax i
a Symbol of War among the Savages, as th
Calumet is the Bond of Peace : So that this im
ports,, that the French have taken up the Ax, o
have made a Warlike Expedition with as man;
tens of Men as there are Marks or Points roun<
the Figure. Thefe Marks you fee are Eigh
teen in number, and io they fignifie an Hun
dred and eighty Warriors.

B, Over againft this Letter you meet with
Mountain that reprefents the City of Monreai
(according to theSavages)and the Fowl upon th
Wing at the top fignifies Departure. The Mooj
ppon the Back of the Stag fignifies the fir!
Quarter of the July Moon, which is calfd th
St a 2~- Ale on.

?. Oppo

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to North- America.

«7

C. Oppofite to this Letter you defcry aCa«
now, importing that they have travel'd by Wa-
ter as many Days as you fee Huts in the Figure,
i. e. 21 Days,

D. Upon the fame parallel with this Letter
you fee a Foot, importing that after their Voy-
age by Water they march'd on Foot as manyDays
as there are Huts defign'd ,• that is, feven Days
Journeys for Warriors, each Days Journey being
as much as five common French Leagues, or five
of thofe which are reckoned to be twenty in a
Degree.

E. By this Letter you perceive a Hand and
three Huts, which fignifie that they are got with-
in three Days Journey of the Iroqtiefe Tfonmnto-
uansy whofe Arms are a Hut with two Trees
leaning downwards, as you fee them drawn.
The Sun imports that they were juft to the Eaft-
ward of the Village : For you muft obferve, that
if they had march'd to the Weftward the Arms
of thefe Savages had been placd where the
Hand is, and the Hand had been turn'd and
plac'd where you now fee the Hut with the two
Trees.

F. Oppofite to this Letter you perceive twelve
: Marks, fignifying fo many times ten Men, like
J thofe at the Letter A. The Hut with the two

Trees being the Arms of the Tfonnontouans fiiews
that they were of that Nation ,• and the Man in
a lying pofture fpeaks that they were furpris'd.

G. In the row which anfwers to this Letter
there appears a Club and eleven Heads, import-
ing that they had kill'd eleven Tfonnontcuam3 and
the five Men ftanding upright upon the five
Marks fignifie, that they took as many times t^n
Prifoners of War.

Ff

H. Oppo-

88 Some New Voyages

H. Oppofite to this Letter you fee nine Heads
s in an Arch, the meaning of which is, that nine
of the Aggreffors or of the Vidorious fide (which
Ifuppofedto ht French) were kilfd • and the
twelve Marks underneath fignifie that as many
were Wounded.

1.^ Oppofite to this Letter you fee Arrows fly-
ing in the Air, fome to one fide and fome to the
other, importing a vigorous Defence on both
fides.

K. At this Letter you fee the Arrows all point-
ed one way, which fpeaks the worfted Party ei-
ther flying or fighting upon a Retreat in dif-
order.

The meaning of the whole is in a few Words
as follows. An Hundred and eighty French Men
fet out from Monreal in the firft Quarter of the
July Moon, and faifd twenty one Days,- after
which they march'd thirty five Leagues over
Land and furpris'd a hundred and twenty Tfon-
mntouans on the Eaft fide of their Village,
eleven of whom were Kill'd, and fifty taken
Prifoners,- the French fuftaining the lofs of nine
Kiird and twelve Wounded, after a very obfti-
nate Engagement.

This may ferve to prompt you and me to re-
turn thanks to God for vouchfafing to us the
means of exprefling our Thoughts by the bare
ranking of twenty three Letters, and above all
of Writing in lefs than a Minute a Difcourfe
that the Americans cannot Decypher with their
impertinent Hieroglyphicks in the fpace of an
Hour. Though the number of thofe dark Sym-
bols is of no large extent, yet 'tis very perplex-
ing to an European; for which Reafon I have
contented my felf in learning only fuch of 'em
as are moft Bffentialj the knowledge of which

I owe

"

to Kortfc-America,

89

I owe to Neceffity more than Curiofity. I could
fend you others that are as extravagant as thefe
I now fend you ; but confidering that they will
be of no ufe to you, Ichoofe to fave my felf
the labour of drawing them upon Paper, and
you the trouble of looking 'em over.

lam. Sir,

Yours, &c*

( 9° )

CONFERENCE

O R

DIALOGUE

BETWEEN THE

JVTHOR and JVJKIO,

A Noted Man among the

SAVAGES.

CONTAINING

A dra/mflantial View of the Cuftoms and
Humours of that People.

Lahon- *W" Am infinitely well pleas'd, my dear
fan. § Adario, that I have an opportunity
of feafoning with you upon a Sub-
JjL je& of the greateft Importance • for
my bufmefs is to unfold to you the great Truths
of Chriftianity.

AclariOj I am ready to hear thee, my dear Bro-
ther, in order to be informed of a great many
things that the Jefuits have been Preaching up

for

to Nort/;- Am erica- p i

for a long time ; and I would have us to dif-
courfe together with all the freedom that may
be. If your Belief is the fame with that of the
Jefuits, 'tis in vain to enter into a Conference ;
for they have entertain d me with fo many Fabu-
lous and Romantick Stories, that all the credit I
can give 'em 3 is to believe, that they have
more Senfe than to believe themfelves.

Lahontan, I do not know what they have faid
to you ; but I am apt to believe that their Words
and mine will agree very well together. The
Chriftian Religion is a Religion that Men ought
to profefs in order to obtain a place in Heaven.
God hath permitted the difcovery of America,
meaning to fave all Nations that will follow the
Laws of Chriftianity. 'Twas his Divine Piea-
furethat the Gofpel fhould be Preach'd to thy
Nation, that they may be informed of the true
way to Paradife, the bleffed Manfion of good
Souls. 'Tis pity thou wilt not be perfwaded to
make the beft ufe of the Favours and the Talents
that God hath beftow'd upon thee. Life is ftort,*
v the Hour of our Death is uncertain, and Time
is precious. Undeceive thy felf therefore, as to
the imagin d Severity of Chriftianity., and im~
brace it without delay, regrating the lofs of thofe
Days thou has fpent in Ignorance, without a due
fenfe of Religion and Worfhip, and without the
knowlege of the true God.

Adario. How do you mzmpvhhoui the Knowledge
of the True God? What! areyoumad ? Doft thou
believe we are void of Religion, alter thou haft
dwelt fo longamongft us ? Do'ftnot thee know in
the firft place, that we acknowledge a Creator of
the Univerfe, under the Title of the Great Spirit
or Mailer of Life ; whom we believe to be in
every thing, and to be .unconfin'd to Limits ?

That we own the Immortality of the

5CUl.

That

i— ■ — —

pi Some New Voyages

3. That the Great Spirit has furnifh'd us with
a Rational Faculty , capable of diftinguifliing
Good from Evil, as much as Heaven from Earth;
to the end that we might Religioufly obferve the
true Meafures of Juftice and Wifdom. 4. That
the Tranquility and Serenity of the Soul pleafes
the Great Matter of Life : And on the other
hand, that he abhors trouble and anxiety of
Mind, becaufe it renders Men Wicked. 5. That
Life is a Dream, and Death the Seafon of Awa-
king, in which the Soul fees and knows the Na-
ture and Quality of all things, whether vifible
orir, vifible. 6. That the utmoft reach of our
Minds cane go one Inch above the Surface of the
Earth : So that we ought not to corrupt and
fpoil it by endeavouring to pry into Invifible and
Improbable things. This my dear Friend is Our
Belief, and we ad up to it with the greateft Ex-
aanefs. We believe that we fliall go to the
Country of Souls after death; but we have no
fuch apprehenfion as you have, of a good and bad
Manfion after this Life, provided for the good
and bad Souls ,• for we cannot tell whether
every thing that appears faulty to Men, is fo in
the Eyes of God. If your Religion differs from
ours, it do's not follow that we have none at all.
Thou knoweft that I have been in France, 'New-
York and Quebec ; where I Study'd the Cuftoms
and Doctrines of the EngliJI) and French. The
Jefmts allege, that out of five or fix hundred
forts of Religions , there's only one that is
the good and the true Religion, and that's their
own ; out of which no Man fball Ycape the
Flames of a Fire that will burn his Soul to all
Eternity. This is their allegation : But when
they have faid all, they cannot offer any Proof
for it.

La-*

to North- America.

n

Lahontan. They have a great deal of reafon,
Adarb, to affert that there are bad Souls ; for
without draggling far for a Proof, they need on-
ly to give thine for an Inftance. He that is un-
acquainted with the Truths of the Chrifiian Re-
ligion, is not capable of receiving a Proof. AH
that thou haft offerd in thy own defence is pro-
digious Madnefs, The Country of Souls that
thou fpeakeft of is only a Chimerical. Hunting
Country : Whereas our Holy Scriptures inform
us of a Paradife, Seated above the remoteft Stars,
where God does actually refide ,• being incircled
with Glory, and the Souls of all the Faithful
Chriftians. The fame very Scriptures make
mention of a Hell, which we take to be Situa-
ted in the Centre of the Earth : And in which
the Souls of all fuch as reje& Ghriftianity, as
well as thofe of bad Chriftians, will burn for
ever without Confumption. This is a Truth that
you ought to think of

Adario. Thefe Holy Scriptures that thou quo-
teft every foot, as well as the Jefuits, require that
mighty Faith which the Good Fathers are always
teazing us with. But this can be nothing but a
perfuafion : To believe, Importsno more than to
be perfuaded of a thing : and to be perfuaded or
convinc'd, is to fee a thing with one's eyes, or to
have it recommended by clear and foiid Truths.
Now how can I have that Faith, (ihce thou canft
neither prove a tittle of what thou fay'ft, nor
fhew it me before my eyes. Believe me, my
Friend,- do not wrap up thy Mind in obfcurity ;
give over the vifionary thoughts of thefe Holy
Scriptures, or elfe let us make an end of our
Conferences upon that Head; for according to
our Principles, we m'uft have probability in eve-
ry thing we admit of. What Ground haft thou

for the Deftiny of the good Souls,

who are
ledg'd

94 Some New Voyagei

lodg'd with the Great Spirit above the Stars/ or
the Face of the bad ones that ftiall burn for ever
in the Centre of the Earth ? Thou canft not but
charge God with Tyranny, if thou believeft
that he Created but one fingle Man, with intent
to render him eternally Miferable amidft the
Flames in the Centre of the Earth. I know
you'll pretend, that the Holy Scriptures prove
that Great Truth : But granting it to be fo, then
the Earth muft be of eternal Duration ; which the
Jefuits deny. That flaming Place muft therefore
ceafe to be, when the Earth comes to be con-
fum'd. Befides, how canft thou imagine, that the
Soul which is a pure Spirit, a thoufand times fub-
tiler and lighter than Smoak ,• how canft thou
imagine, I fay, that this airy Being fliould move
to the Centre of the Earth, contrary to its na-
tural tendency ? 'Tis more likely, it fliould mount
upwards and fly to the Sun, where you may fix
that fiery place morereafonably • efpecially con*
fidering that this Star is much bigger, and infi-
nitely more hot than the Earth.

Lahontan. Hark ye me, my dear Adarioy thy
Biindnefs is fcrew'd up to an extremity, and the
hardnefs of thy Heart makes thed reject this Faith
and thefe Scriptures ,• the truth of which does
eafily appear, if one would but lay afide Preju-
dices : For you have nothing to do but to call
your Eye upon the Prophecies contain'd in the
Sacred Pages ,• which beyond all difpute were
Written before they came to pais. This Sacred
Hiftory is confirm'd by Heathen Authors, and by
the Monuments of greateft Antiquity, and thole
the moft uncontefted that paft Ages can afford*
Believe me, if thou wouldft but reflet upon the
manner in which the Religion of Jefus Cbrlfi
was Eftabiiflrd in the World,and the Change that
it wrought i if thou hadft but a juft view of the

Cha^

—

to North- America.

95

Chara&ers of Truths Sincerity and Divinity that
ftiinein the Scriptures: In a word, if thou didft
but enter into the particulars of our Religion •'
thou wouldft fee and be fenfible, that its Do&-
rines and Precepts,, its Promifes and Threats, are
not chargeable with any abfurdky ; nor with any
ill defign, or any thing that runs contrary to our
natural Sentiments : And that nothing is more
fuitableto right Reafon, and the Principles of
Confcience.

Adarlo. This is the fame Stuff that the Jefttits
have had up above a hundred times. They will
have it, that fome five or fix thoufand years ago,
all that is fincecome to pafs, was then unchange-
ably decreed. They lay down the way in which
the Heavens and the Earth were Created ; and
tell you, that Man was made of the Duft of the
Earth, and the Woman out of oneof his Ribs, as
if God had not made her of the fame Stuff,- that
a Serpent tempted this Man in a Garden of Fruit-
Trees to eat of an Apple, which was the occafi-
on that the Great Spirit put his own Son to
Death, on purpofe to fave all men. If I fliould
Xay that thefe advances have a greater appearance
of fabuloufnefs than of truth, you would clofe
upon me with Reafons feteh'd from your Bible :
But according to your own words, this Scrip-
ture of yours had not always a Being ,• the in-
vention of it bears the date of fome three thou-
fand years ago ; and 'twas not Printed till with-
in thefe four or five Centuries. Now, confider-
ing the divers events that come round in the
courfe of feveral Ages, one nitift certainly ^ be
very credulous in giving credit to fo many idle
Stories as are huddled up in that great Book that
the Chriftians would have us to believe. I have
feen fome of the Books that the Jejults. Writ o|
cur Country j and thefe who knew how to react

9 6 Some New Voyages

'em, explain'd to me the.fenfe of 'em in the
Language that I fpeak ; but I found they con-
tain cl an infinity of Lyes and Fi&ions heap'd up
one above another. Now, if we fee with our
eyes that Lyes are in Print, and that things are
not reprefented in Paper as they really are ,• how
can you prefs me to believe the Sincerity of your
Bible that was Writ fo many Ages ago, and
Tranflated out of feveral Languages by ignorant
Men that could not reach the juft Senfe, or by
Lyars who have alter'd, interpolated, or pared
the Words you now read, I could mention fe-
veral other Objections, which in the end will
perhaps influence thee in fome meafure, to own-
that I have fome reafon to confine my Belief to
fuch things as are vifible and probable.

Lahontan. Poor Adario, I have laid before thee,
the certainty and evidence of the Chriftian Re-
ligion ,• but inftead of being convincd, thou
look'ft upon my Proofs as Chimerical, and offer-
eft the moft foolifti Reafons in the World. You
quote the Falflioods Written in the Accounts of
your Country that you have feen ; as if the Je*
fuits who Wifit 'em could not have been impos'd
upon by thofe who fupplied them with fuch Me-
moirs. You muft confider, that thefe Defcrip-
tions of Canada are Bawbles that cannot come
into the Ballance with the Books that treat of
Sacred things ,• fuch things as a hundred different
Authours have Writ of, without contradicting
one another.

Adario. How do you mean5 without contradict-
ing one another ? Why ! That Book of Holy
Things, is not it full of Contradi&ions ? Thefe
Gofpels that the Jefuits fpeak of, do not they oc-
caiion difcord between the French and the Eng-
lijh ? And yet if we take your word for it, eve-
ry Period of that Book fprung from the Mouth

of

to North-Ammca.

9?

if the Great Spirit. But if the Great Spirit
ieand that his Words fliould be underftoodj
rhy did he talk fo confufedly, and cloath his
^ords with an ambiguous Senfe ? One or two
lings muft follow from this advance. If he was
orn and died upon the Earth, and ntadefpeech-
; here, why, then his difcourfes muft be loft *
>r he would certainly have fpoke fo diftincSUy
id plainly, that the very Children might con-
nive his meaning. Or, if you will have the
ofpels to be his genuine Words, and contain
tthing but what flow'd from him ,• why, then
J muft have Come to raife Wars in the World
ftead of Peace ; which cannot be. The Eng-
h have told me that tho' their Gofpels contain
e fame Words with the French, yet there's as
eat a difference between their Religion and
>urs, as between Night and Day. They fay
>fitively that theirs is the beft ,• and on the O'-
er hand, the Jefuits allege, that the Religion

the EngHJh, and of a thoufand Nations befide^
good for nothing. If there be but one true
sligion upon Earth, who muft I believe in this
fe ? Who is it that do's not rake their own Reli-
Dnto be the moft perfed ?How can theCapaci-
of Man be able to fingle out that Divine Reii-
)n from amongft fo many more, that lay claim

the fame Title? Believe me, mydearBro-
sr, the Great Spirit is Wife, all his Works are
rfed ; 'tis he that made us, and he knows per-
Sfcly well what will become of use 'Tis our
rt to aft freely , without perplexing our
oughts about future things. He order d thee

be Born in France, with intent that thou
)uldeft believe what thou neither feeft nor con*
iveft ,* and me he has caus'd to be Born a flfc-
j£ to the end that I fltould give credit to no-
ing but what I tfnderftaftd, arid what my rea-
a teaches m€, G g 'hi*

pg Some New Voyages

Lahontan. Reafon teaches thee to be a Ghtift

an andyetyourefufetobefuch. Ifyouwoul

you might underftand the Truths of our Gofp<

in which all things are of a piece, and nothii

can be found that favours of Contradiaion. T

Emli(h are Chriftians as well as the Bench ; a:

tho5 thefe two Nations have fome difference u

on the fcore of Religion, it only relates

fome PalTages of Scripture, that they underfta

different ways. The firft and principal Po

that occafions fo many difputes, is this. 1

French believe that fince the Son of God la

that his Body was in a morfel of Bread ,: we

bound to take it for a truth, in regard that

could not lie. He told his Apoftles that

Bread was truly his Body, and that they ou;

to eat it, and to perpetuate that Ceremony

Commemoration of him. Accordingly this 1

cept is obferv'd ; for fince the death of thatC

made Man, the Sacrifice of the Mafsis perior:

every day among the French, who make no dc

of the real prefence of the Son of God in)

bit of Bread. But the Englijh pretend, that

Son of God being in Heaven, cannot be C

porally prefent upon Earth, and that his w<

infuing upon that Inftitution ( the repetitio

which would be tedious to thee J are evicU

that he is only Spiritually prefent in the Br

This is all the difference between them and

for as to the other Points, they are fo trif

that we could eafily come to an accommoda

upon 'em. c

Adario. I perceive then, the words^ oi the
of the Great Spirit are chargeable with fell-
trn diction or obfcurity ,• for as much as you
the Englijh difpute about his meaning wii
much hep and animofity : And this feems t
the principal Spring of the hatred that theie

Na

to North-America, pn

STatiojis bear to one another. But that is not
vhat I infift upon. Doft thou hear, my Brother |
>qth the one and the other muft needs be fools*
rrbelieving the Incarnation of a God,,- confider-
ng the ambiguity of thofe Difcourfes mention d
i your Gofpel. There you meet with an infi-
ity of things which are too grofs to come from
le Mouth of fo perfed: a Being. The Jefuits
(lure us, that the Son of the Great Spirit de-
lar'd that he fincerely defired the Salvation of all
ten. Now, if he defires it, doubtlefs it muft
?me to pais ,• and yet they are not all Sav'd nei-
ier, for as much as he has faid ,• many are caffd,
| few are chofen. This I take to be a plain
ontradi&iom The Fathers reply, that God
>es defire the Salvation of men, but upon the
widition that they defire it themfelves. But
ter all, we do not find that God has added
at Claufe, for if he had, he had not fpoke fo
rfitively. But the Myftery lies here. The Je-
its have a mind to pry into the Secrets of the
[mighty, and to affume what himfelf did not
etend to, for he mention'd no fuch condition.
lie cafe is the fame, as if the great Captain
sneral of the French ihould give notice by his
ceroy, that 'tis his pleafure that all the Slaves
panada fhould be Tranfported to France^ where
iy might all grow rich,- and thereupon the
ives fhould make anfwer that they will not go,
caufe that great Captain cannot defire it un-
"s they be of the fame mind themfelves. Is not
true, my Brother, that their anfwer would be
licufd, and they would be fore'd to go to
ance againft their will? Can you offer any
ing to the contrary ? In a word, the Jefuits
ve commented to me upon fo many Expreffi-
is in that Book that contradict one another,
at I'm amaz d to find that they ftill call it the
Gg 2 Holy

IOO

Some TSLew Voyages

Holy Scriptures. "lis written there, that the

fir ft man whom the Great Spirit made with hi<

own Hands, did eat of a forbidden Fruit, foi

which both he and his Wife were punifti 'd, a:

being equally Criminal. Now, let's fuppofe th<

Punifhment infli&ed upon the account of tin

Apple to be what you will ; this poor Man ha<

nothing to complain of, but that the Great Spiri

knowing that he would eat of it, fliould hav

Created him to be Miferable. But let's confide

the cafe of hisPofterity, who according to th

Jefuits are involv'd in his Overthrow : Are th

Children Blame-worthy for the Gluttony of the:

Father and their Mother ? If a man Murder'

one of our Kings, muft the Puniihment reach t

his whole Generation ; to Fathers, Mother

Uncles, Coufins, Sifters, Brothers, and all h

other Relations ? Shall we fuppofe, therefor

that when the Great Spirit gave this Man a B<

ing, he knew not what he might do after h

Creation ? But that cannot be. But let's fu]

pofe again that all his Pofterity were accomplic

of the Crime, ( which at the fame time is an uj

juft fuppofition ) do's not your Scripture mal

this Great Spirit to be a Being of luch Men

and Clemency, that his Loving-Kindnefs to tl

Human Race leaves all Conception far behind i

Is not he fo great and fo puiflant, that if all tl

Spirits of men that either are, or have been, <

are to come, were united in one Perfon, 'twou

be impoflible for that Mighty one to compreher

the leaft tittle of his Omnipotence ? Now, fin*

his goodnefs and mercy arefo tranfcendent, car

he by one Word vouchfafe a Pardon to that mi

and all his defcendants ? And fince he is fo po\

erful and gr^at, how improbable is it, that fu<

an Incomprehenfible Being ihould turn himf<

into a Man. and not only Uyq a miferable Lii

b

—

to North- America. 101

ut die an infamous Death ; in order to expiate
le Sin of fo mean a Creature, that is as much
r more beneath him, as a Flie is beneath the
alb and the Stars ? Where would that infinite
bwer be then ? Whatufe would it be of to hinv
id what advantage would he make of it ? To
y mind, 'to believe the debafing of the Divine
ature, fpeaks a doubt of the Incomprehenfible
ach of his Omnipotence, and an extravagant
^fumption with refpe<5i to our felves;
JLahontan. Do'ft not thou perceive, my de^r
iario, that the Great Spirit being fo powerful,
d intitledto thePerfeciions you have nam'd,the
i of our Primitive Father muft by confequence

the mod enormous and heinous Crime that
(agination it felf can reach ? To make the cafe
lin by an example ,• If I beat one of my Sol-
jrs, there's no harm done, but if I offer'd an
ront to the King, my Crime would beinflam'd
the 1 aft degree, and be juftly accounted un-
rdonable. Now, Adam having offer'd a piece
Indignity to the King of Kings, we come in-
the lift of his Accomplices, as being part of

Soul ; and confequently the Divine Juftice
Jukes fuch a Satisfa&ion as the Death of his
n. 'Tis true, God could have Pardon d us with
e Word ,• but for reafons that I cannot give
u eafily tounderftand, hewasgracioufly pleas'd
jive and to die for all Mankind. I own that
is merciful, and that he might have acquit-
i Adam the fame day that the Crime was com-
tted ,• for his Mercy is the ground of all the
pes we have of Salvation : But if he had not
bnted Adams Difobedience, his Prohibition
& been a jeft. Had he overlook'd it, the con-
[uence would have been that he did not fpesk
ioufly • and upon that foot, all the World
mid have had a juft Plea for doing what they
■as'd. G g 3 Adario,

ioi Some New Voyages

Adario. Hitherto thou proveft nothing j an<

the more I fift the pretended Incarnation, I fin<

it the lefs probable. What ! To think that thi

Great and Ineomprehenfible Being, the Create

of the Earth, of the Seas, and of this vaft Fii

mament, fliould be capable of debafing himfe

fo far, as to lye nine Months Prifoner in tl

Bowels of a Woman, and expofe himfelf to tfc

miferable Life of his Fellow Sinners, that Wr

the Books of your Gofpelj to be Beaten, Whijn

and Crucify'd like an unhappy Wretch ,• this,

fay, is what can't enter into my thoughts. "I

written, that he came upon the Earth on p^

pofe to die there, and with the fame Breath 1

faid that he was afraid to die. This implies

Contradidion two ways. In the firft place,

his defign was to be Born, in order to die, !

ought not to have dreaded death,* for, what

the ground of the fear of death ? The dread

death proceeds from this, that one do's not kn«;

what will become of 'em when they depart t]

Life. But he was not unacquainted with t

place he was bound for, fo that he had no real

to be afraid. You know very well that we &

our Wives Poyfon our felves frequently, in ore

to keep one another Company in the Regions

the dead, when one or t'other is fnatch'd aw;

So you fee plainly the lofs of Life does not fc;

us, tho' at the fame time, we are not cert;

what courfe our Souls will fteer. What anf\A

canft thee give me upon this Head ? In a feco

place ; Since the Son of the Great Spirit was i

vefted with a Power equal to that of his 1

ther ,• he had no occafion to pray his Father

favehis Life, in regard that he was able to gj|

off Death by his own Power ,• and that in pr;

ing to his Father he pray'd to himfelf. As

my part, my dear Brother, I can't have any r

ti

to North- America. io^

ion of what thou wouldeft have me to Con-
eive.

Lahontan. I find you were in the right of it in
filing me but now,, that your capacity would
ot reach an inch above the furface of the Earth.
rour way of Reafoning is fufficient Proof of
our Affertion. Now that I have heard this, I
o not think it ftrange that the Jefuits have fo
mch trouble in Preaching to you., and giving
ou to underftand the Sacred Truths, i play
le fool in reafoning with a Savage, that is not
fpable of diftinguifhing a Chimerical Suppo-
fion from a certain and a {landing Principle, or
Confequence well drawn from a falfe Inference.
o give you an inliance. When you fpake of
lis truth, that God wa> willing to lave all men,
id at the fame time that they are but few who
*e fav'd • you charg d a Contradiction upon it,
id at the fame time there's no fuch thing in the
tfe : For he defires to fave all men that wifh
icir own Salvation, by obferving his Law and
is Precepts ,• that is, fuch as believe his Incar-
ition, the truth of the Gofpels, the rewards
^ovided for the Good, the punilliments prepa-
id for the Wicked, and a State of Futurity,
ut in regard that few fuch will be found, all
te reft are doom'd to the everlafting Flames of
lat Fire that you make a jeft of. Take care you
re not one of the latter Clafs. If it ftiould hap-
fti fo, 'twould be a great trouble to me, becaufe
lou art my Friend. You will not fay then,
lat the Gofpel is crarnm'd with Contradi&ions
id Chimera's ,• you will not then require grofs
roofs for all the Truths I have laid before you ,•
du'11 repent in earneft of having branded our
vangelifts for weak and filly Tale-tellers, But,
le worft is, 'twill' then be too late. Prithee,
link of all this, and be not fo very obftinate ,•
G g 4 for3

I ©4 Some Mew Voyages

for, in earneft, if thou doft not yield to the un-

conteftable Reafons that I produce for cur Myfte-

ries, I will never fpeak to thee as long as I live.

Adario. Ha ! my Brother, do not trouble thj

head , I do not pretend to provoke thee by ot

fering my Reafons. I do not hinder thee to be

lieve the Gofpels : I only beg the favour tha

ihou'lt fuffer me to doubt the truth of all th<

Advances thou haft made. Nothing can be mon

natural to the Chriftians than to believe the Hoh

Scriptures, upon the account, that from their In

fancy they have heard fo much of 'em, that ii

imitation of fo many People Educated in th

fame Faith, they have 'em fo much Imprinte<

upon their Imagination, that Reafon has no fai

ther influence upon their Minds, they being al

ready prepoffefs'd with a firm belief of the trut

of the Gofpels. To People that are void of Pre

judice, fuch as the Hurons, there's nothing f

reafonable, as to examine things narrowly. Novi

after frequent reflexions for the courle of te;

years upon what ^he Jefuits Preach'd of the Lii

and Death of the Son of the Great Spirit,

muft tell you, that all my Hurons will give the

fourty reafons to the contrary. As for my ow

part, I have always maintained that if 'twei

poflible that the Great Spirit had been fo meal

as to defcend to the Earth, he had ftiewn hirr

felf to all the Inhabitants of the Earth ,• he ha

defcended in Triumph, and in publick view, wit

Splendour and Majefty ; he had rais'd thedeac

reftor'd fight to the blina, made the lame to wal

upright, cur'd all the difeafes upon the Earth

Jri finp, he had fpoke and commanded all th

he had a mind to have done, he had gone froi

Nation to Nation to work thefe great Miracle;

and to give the fame Laws to the whole Worl<

Had he done fo, we had been all" of the fam

* '■"" Reli

to Korf^-America.

!OJ

Religion, and that great Uniformity fpread over
the face of the Earth, would be a lafting Proof
to our Pofterity for ten thoufand years to come,
of the truth of a Religion that was known and
receiv'd with equal approbation in the four Cor-
ners of the Earth. But inftead of that Unifor-
mity, we find five or fix hundred Religions, a-
mong which that Profefs'd by the French , is
according ta your Argument the only true one,
the only one that is Good and Holy. In fine,
after I had reflected a thoufand times upon thofe
Riddles that you call Myfteries,I was of the Opi-
nion that a Man muft be Born beyond the great
Lake ,• that is,, he muft be an Engliftj-man or a
French-man^ that can form any Idea of 'era. For
when they allege that God, who can't be repre-
fented under any Figure • could produce a Son
under the Figure of a Man : I am ready to re-
ply, that a Woman can't bring forth a Beaver ,•
by reafon that in the courfe of Nature, every
Species produces its like. Befides, if before the
coming of the Son of God all men were devoted
to the Devil, what reafon have we to think that
he would affume the Form of fuch Creatures as
were lifted into the Service of the Devil. Could
not he take upon him another Form, which
might be finer and more pompous than the Hu-
mane ? That he might, is the more reafonable,
fince the third Perfon of that Trinity ( which is
fo inconfiftent with Unity ) affunfd the Form of
a Dove.

Lahontan. Thou haft drawn up a Savage fort
of a Syftem by inventing Chimera's that are no-
thing to the purpofe. Give me leave to tell thee
once more, that I fee 'tis in vain for mc to at-
tempt to convince thee by folid Reafons/ in re-
gard that thou art not capable of underftanding
'em. I muft therefore refer you to the Jefuits.

In

io6 Some New Voyages

In the mean time, I have a mind to give you to
underftand one thing that's very plain, and that
will fall within the Verge of your Genius, viz,.
That 'tis not the bare believing of the Great
Truths of the Gofpel which you deny, that is
fufficient to condud one to the Manfions of the
Great Spirit. Over and above the belief, one
muft inviolably obferve the Precepts of the Law
that is there deliver'd ,• that is to fay, one muft
not adore any thing but the Great Spirit alone,
one muft not work on the days allotted for folemn
Prayer, one muft honour their Father and their
Mother, and not only avoid the embraces of
Girles, but be free from an inclination that way,
unlefs it be upon the foot of Marriage. 5Tis
requir d for this end, that we fliould not kill or
promote the killing of any one ,• that we ihould
not fpsak ill of our Brethren, or utter Lies, or
touch another man's Wife, or incroach upon the
property of our Brethren. We muft go to Mafs
on the days appointed for that purpofe by the
Jcfuits, and Faft fome days of the week. For
tho; you believ'd the Holy Scriptures as much as
we do, unlefs you obferve the Precepts they
contain , you'll be doom'd to ererlafting Flames
after your death.

Adario. So, my dear Brother, this is what I
expeded. 'Tis a long time fince I knew all that
thou haft now fet forrh ,• and indeed I take it to
be a very reafonable Article in your Gofpel. No-
thing can be jufter and more plaufible than thofe
Precepts you fpeak of. You ad difingenuoufly
in faying that unlefs the Commandments are
pun&ually obferv'd and pradis'd, the giving
Faith and Credit to the Gofpel will not avail :
For, pray, how comes it about that xht French be-
lieve the Gofpel, and yet make a jeft of its Pre-
cepts. This I take to be a manifeft Contradicti-
on :

to Nar^-America.

107

on; For, in the firft place, as to the Adoration
of the Great Spirit, I fee no fign of it in your
A&ions, fo that your Worftiip ccraifts only in
Words, and fee.ms to be Calculated to cheat us*
To give you an inftance,* do not you fee every
day that year Merchants when they bargain with
us for Beaver-Skins, do commonly lay, my Goods
coft me fo much, 'tis true as I Adore the Al-
mighty ,• I lofe fo much by you, 'tis as true as
that God is in Heaven. But I do not find that
they offer him the Sacrifice of their moft valuable
Goods, as we do after we have bought em from
them, when we burn 'em before their Faces*
In the next place, as for Working on the days
fet apart for Worfhip., I do not find that you
make any difference between Holy-Days and
Work-Days ,• for I have frequently feen the
French bargain for Skins on your Holy-Days, as
well as make Nets, Game, Quarrel, beat one
another, get Drunk, and commit a hundred ex-
travagant Adieus. In a third place, touching
the Veneration we have for our Fathers or An-
ceftoun, 'tis but feldom that you follow their
* Counfel ,• you fuffer 'em to die for Hunger, you
leave 'em and take up feparate Habitations ; you
are always ready to ask fomething of 'em, but
never to give 'em any thing ; and if you e^ped
any thing from 'em, you wiili for their death ;
or at leaft you expecft it with impatience. In the
fourth place, as for Continence with refped to
the tender Sex ,* who is it among you (abating
for the Jefuits ) that has ever a&ed up to it ; do
not we fee every day that your Youths purfue
our Daughters and our Wives, even to the very
Fields, with a defign to inveigle 'em by prefents?
Do not they Roll every Night from Hutt to Hutt
in our Village, in order to debauch /em ? And
doft not thee know how many fuch Adventures

tliere

io8 Some TSlew Voyages

there are among thy own Soldiers? In the fifth
place, to touch upon the head of Murder ; 'tis
fuch a common thing among you, that upon the
leafl: accident, you clap your Hands to your
Swords and Butcher one another. I remember
when I was at Paris, People were run thro5 in
the Streets every night, j and upon the Road be-
tween 7 arts and Rcchel, I was told that I was in
danger of my life. Sixthly. Lying and Slander-
ing your Brethren, is a thing that you can as lit-;
tie refrain as Eating and Drinking. I never
heard four French-Men Converk together, with*
out fpeaking ill of fome body ,• and if you knew
what I have heard 'em fay publickly of the Vice-
roy, the Intendant, thejefuits, and of a thou-
fand People that you know, not excepting your
Self, you would be convine'd that the French are
very well vers'd in Defamations. And as to the
buiinefs of Lying, I affirm it for a truth, that
there is not one Merchant in this Country that
wiil not tell you twenty Lies in felling the worth
of a Beavers Skin in Goods,- not to mention the
lies they invent in order to defame their Neigh-
bours. In a feventh place, to adjuft the Point
of ingaging with Married Women, we need no
other Proof than to hear your Difcourfes when
youhave got a little Drink in your Heads ,• then
you'll entertain us with a great many fine Stories
of your Adventures that way. But to go no
farther, pray reckon up how many Children are
got upon the Wives of the Coureurs de Bois during
their Husbands abfence. In the eighth place,
to come to the Article of not encroaching upon
our Neighbours Property, how many Thefts or
Robberies have you feen committed among the
Coureurs de Bois fince you came to this Country ?
Have not the Thieves been taken in the Fad,
and panifli'd accordingly ? Is not it fuch a com-
mon

-

to North- America.

lop

txioo thing in yqur Towns, that one can't walk
in the Streets in the Night time with fafety, and
that you dare not leave your Doors open ? In
the ninth place, as for going to your Mafs to
hear fome Words fpoke in an unknown Lan-
guage ,• 'tis true the French go commonly to it,
but their defign in going is to think of other
things than Praying. At jgyebec, the Men go to
Mafs to pick up the Women, and the Women
take the fame Method to make Aflignments with
the Men. I have feen fome of your Women call
for Cufliions, for fear of fpoiling their Stockins
and Petti-ccats j. then they fit down upon their
Heels, and pull a Book out of a great Bag,
which they open and hold in their hands, tho'
at the fame time, they look more at the Men
they like, than at the Prayers contain'd in the
Book. Moft of your French People take Snufti
when they're at Mafs ,• they talk, and laugh ;
and fing rather for Diversion than out of Devoti-
on. And, which is yet worfe ; I know that du-
ring the time of Mafs, feveral Women andGirles
take the opportunity of purfuing their Amours,
xby flaying at home all alone. As for your Fafts,
I muft fay they are very comical : You eat of all
forts of Fifh till you burft again, you cram down
Eggs and a thoufand other things, and yet you
call this falling. In fine, my dear Brother, you
French Folks do all of you make large Pretentions
to Faith, and yet you are downright Infidels ;
you would fain pafs for wife People, and at the
fame time you are fools ,v you take your felves to
be Men of Senfe,, but at the bottom Ignorance
and Prefumption is your true Charafter.

Lahonfan. This conclufion, my dear Brother,
favours too ftrong of the Huron's, in being apply'd
to all the French in general. If your reprefenta-
tion were juft, pete a one of 5em would go to

Para-

II

i io Some New Voyages

Paradife. But we know that there are Millions
of 'em in the State of the Bleifed, whom we
call Saints, and whofe Images you fee in our
Churches. I own that there are but few of the
French who have that true Faith that's the only
Principle of Piety ,• feveral make a Profeflion of
believing the Truths of our Religion, but this
belief is wanting as to its due ftrength and live-
linefs. I own that the greateftpart of thofewho
know the Divine Truths, and make a Profeflion
of believing them, do a<5l quite contrary to what
Faith and Religion injoyns. I cannot deny the
juftnefs of your Charge, in alleging a Contra-
diction upon "em. But you muft confider, that
fometimes Men fin againft the light of their own
Gonfcience, and fome Men lead wicked Lives
that have receiv'd good Inftrucftion. Now this
may be owing either to their want of Attention,
or to the force of their Paffions, and the tyes
they lye under to their Temporal Intereit. Man
being full of Corruption is fway'd to evil by fo
many various motives, and by fo ftrong an in-
clination that way, that 'tis hard for him to re-
nounce it, without an abfolute Neceflity.

Adario. When you fpeak of Man, you ought
to fay French-Man * for you know that the Pafli-
ons, the Intereft, and the Corruption we fpeak
of, are not known among us : But that is not
the Point I would be at. Do ye hear, my Bro-
ther, I have talk'd frequently to the French of all
the Vices that reign among them ,• and when I
have made it out that they have no regard to the,
Laws of their Religionjhey confefs'd that 'twas true,
and that they faw it plainly and knew it to be fo ;
but at the fame time they laid 'twas impoflible for
them toobfervethofeLaws: Uponthatlask'd'em
if they did not believe then that their Souls would
bedoom'd to eternal Flames ,• and receiv'd this an-

fvver,

to North~Ammc&.

1 1 1

fwer, That the Mercy of God is fo great, that who-
ever trufis in his Goodnefs {hall be Savd ; that the .
G off el is a Covenant of Grace , in which God conde-
fcends to the Condition and Weaknefs of Man, who is
temped by fo many violent and frequent AttraiUves,
that he is forcd to give way ; and that this World be-
ing a place of Corruption, there can be no Purity in.
Corrupt Man, unlefs it be in the Country where God
refides. This, I think, is a lefs rigid fort of Mo-
rality than that of the Jefuits, who fend us to
Hell for a Trifle. Your French Men have reafon
to fay j That 'tis impojfible to keep that Law ; fo long
as the diftin&ion of Meum and Tuum is kejpt up
among you : You need no other proof for this
than the Example of all the Savages of Canada,
who notwithftanding their Poverty are Richer
than you, among whom all forts of Crimes are
committed upon the fcore of that Meum and
Tuum.

Lahontan. I own, my dear Brother, that thoo'i t
in the right of it ,• and I can't but admire the
Innocence of all the Savage Nations : And 'tis
for that reafon that I earneftly wifh they were
, acquainted with the Sandity of our Scriptures,
I mean, that Gofpel that thou and I have talk'd
fo much of. There's nothing wanting but that
to render their Souls Eternally Happy. All of
you live fo Morally that you will then have but
one Difficulty to furmount before you arrive at
Paradife ; I mean, that Cuftomary Fornication
that prevails amongft the fsngle perfons of both
Sexes, and the liberty that the Men and the Wo-
men take in breaking their Marriage Bonds,in or-
der to a Reciprocal Change, and a frelli Choice.
For the Great Spirit hasfaid,72W Death and Adul-
tery are the only two things that can break that indijfol~
vable Bond,

Ada?;

a%&$m

1 1 1

Some TSlew Voyages

kdario. We fhall take another Opportunity of
Difcourfing more paricuiarly of that great Ob-
ftacle that thou findeit to ftand in the way of
our Salvation. In the mean time, I'll content
my felf with giving thee one Reafon with re-
fped to one of the two Points that are menti-
on'd, that is,the liberty that Batchelors and Girls
take with one another. In the firft place the
young Warrior will not Embarque in a Married
State till he has made fome Campaigns againft
the Iroquefe, and took fome Slaves to ferve him
either in the Village, or at Hunting, Fifhing,
&c and till he is perfectly well vers'd in the Ex-
ercifes of Hunting, Shooting and Fifliing. Far-
ther, he will not enervate himfelf by the fre-
quent Exercife of Venery, at a time when his
Strength enables him to ferve his Nation in op-
pofing their Enemies,* not to mention that he
will not expofe a Wife and Children to the
affliction of feeing him kilfd or taken Prifoner,
Now, confidering that 'tis inpoffible for a young
Man to abftainfrom the Embraces of Women
altogether, you' muft not Cenfure the Youths
for keeping Company with young Women once
or twice a Month, nor the Girles for receiving
their AddreiTes. Without that Liberty our
Batchelors would be liable to great Diforders, as
Experience has taught me, with reference to
feveral that obferv'd a fevere Continence to
make 'em run the better ,• and befides, our
Daughters and young Women would be there-
by tempted to a mean fubmiffion to the Em-
braces of Slaves.

Lahontan. Believe me, my dear Friend, God
will not be fatisfied with thefe Reafons j he or-
ders you either to Marry, or to entertain no
Commerce with the Sex : For everlafting* Flames
are entail'd upon one amorous thought alone, up-
on

to North'America.

i»i

i one longing wifli, one bare defire to fatisfie
e brutifh Paffion. When thou fattens upon Con-
ience a Character of Impoffibility, thou giveft
od the lie, for he injoyns nothing but what is
>ffible. 'Tis in our Power to moderate our Paffi*
is when we will ; there's nothing requir'd to-
ards that but our Good-will and Confent. All
[en that believe inGod ought to obfei ve his Pre-
:pts,andto refiftTemptations by the affiftance of
s Grace which never fails 'em, To inftance in
ie Jefuits, Doft not thee think that when they
e a pretty Girle in thy Village, they feel the In^.
lence of Temptation as well as other Folks ?
•ueftionlefs they doj but they call inGod to
"eir Affiftance ; they pafs the whole courfe of
teir Lives, as well as all our Priefts, without
[arrying, or having any criminal Conversation
ith the tender Sex. When they put on the
ack Habit they make folemn Promifes to God
i that Effed. They wage an uninterrupted
far with all Temptations, during the whole
mrfe of their Lives, and are oblig'd to reach
ie Kingdom of Heaven by Violence.^ When
it therefore is apprehenfive of falling into that
n, he can't avoid it better than by throwing
imfelf into a Cloyfter.

Adario. I would not for ten Beaver Skins lye
nder an obligation of filence upon this HeadL
i the firft place, that fet of Men are guilty of
Grime in taking an Oath of Continence, for
Jod having created an equal number of Men
nd Women, he mean'd that both the one and
ie other fhould be imploy'd in the Propagation
f Mankind. All things in Nature multiply,
/hether Trees, Plants, Birds, Beafts, or Infers.
fhey repeat this Leffon to us every Year, and
ach Perfons as do noc follow it are ufelefs to the

VoikL

they do good to none but themfelves,
H h and

i 14 Some New Voyages

and rob the Earth of the Corn that feeds 'em

in regard that they convert it to. no ufe, accoi

ding to your Principles. A fecond Crime tk

they are guilty of confifts in violating their Oat

( which they do but too commonly ) and m

king a Jeft of their Word and Promifes to xh

Great Spirit. This Grime draws on one or tvji

more, whether in Converting with young W.<

men or with other Men s Wives. If they kee

Company with Girles, 'tis manifeft that by D

flowring 'em they rob 'em of what they can n

ver return • I mean,they rob 'em of that Flows

which the French have fuch an itch to gath

themfelves when they Marry, and which thi

look upon as fo valuable a Treafure, that-

Robbery of that Nature is reckon'd a Crime

the higheft demerit. Another Crime they a

guilty of confifts in ufing the abominable pr

caution of doing things by halves to prevent L

pregnation. If they court the Embraces

Married Women., they ftand accountable for 1

Adultery,and for the Injury that theWoman d(

to her Husband. Farther ; the Children fprir

ing from thofe Adulterous Embraces are Re

bers and Interlopers, that live upon the Means

a pretended Father and half Brethren. In a fi

place, they are chargeable with the unlawful a

prophane Methods that they take to ftifle th

Brutifti Paffion • for they being the Perfons tl

Preach your Gofpel, they give a quite differ<

turn to things in private to what they do pi

liekly, or elfe they could never find a Salvo

their Libertinifm which the Vulgar take fo;

Crime. Thou art fenfible, my Friend., tha

fpeak juftly upon the Point, and that in Fra

I have ken fome of thefe Black Priefts t

would not hide their Talent under their C

when they came into the Company of Worn

G

to North-America.

115

Sive me leave, my dear Brother, to tell thee
:>nce more that 'tis impoffible for thefe Men to
)e without the Converfation of Women at a
:ertain Age, and far lefs to be free from amorous
[Thoughts^ As for that Refiftance and thofe vi-
;orous Efforts thou fpeak'ft of, that's but a frivo-
ous and poor Plea, as well as their idle pre-
ence of avoiding the Temptation by being
new'd up in a Convent. If Convents are An-
idotes againft Temptation, why do you fuffer
he young Priefts and Monks to Confefs Maids
,nd Married Women ? Is that the way to avoid
he Temptation ; or is it not rather a plain con-
rivance for a handfome Opportunity ? What
Am in the World can hear the Amorous In-
rigues of the confeffing Ladies, without being
[Yanfported, efpecially if he be one of thofe
rho injoy Health, Youth and Strength, who
ive without Fatigue or Working, and who en-
:ourage Nature with the moft Nouriftiing Li-
[uors and Food, feafon'd with I do not know
low many Drugs and Spices, that are fufficient
0 inflame the Blood without any other Provo-
cation ? For my part, after a due Confiderati-
m of thefe Articles, I (hall not think it ftrange
f there be not io much as one Ecclefiaftick in
he Paradife of the Great Spirit. And pray,
low have you the Confidence to maintain that
:his Cattel turn Monks and Priefts in order to
tvoid Sin, when you know they arc addi&ed
to all manner of Vice ? I have been inform'd
i>y French Men of very good Senfe^that thofe who
enter into Priefts or Monks Orders among you,
and have no other view than to live at their eafe,
without the fatigue of Work, and without the dif-
quieting fears of dying for Hunger or being ob-
ligd to venture their Lives in the Army. If you
Would have your Priefts good Men, they ought
H h 2 to

f

J. 1 6 Some New Voyages

to be all Married., and to live with their re-
fpedlive Families ,• or elfe they fliould be all a-
bove Sixty Years of Age. Then indeed they
might Gonfefs, Preach and vifit Families without
Scruple, and Edifie all the World by their Ex;r
ample. Then, I fay, 'twould not be in their
Power to feduce Maids or married Women j
their Age and their Conduct would fpeak thera
Wife, Moderate and Confiderate ,• and at the
fame time the Nation would fuftain no lofs by
their being fet apart for Divine Service, in re-
gard that after Sixty Years of Age they are no!
fit for Warlike Exploits.

Lahontan. I told you before, that you ought
not to charge the whole World with the Mifde-
meanours of a few. 'Tis true there are fomc
who take upon 'em Monks or Priefts Orders
with no other defign than to fubfift handfomely
and unmindful of the devoirs of their Miniftry
think of nothing but calling in their yearl]
Rents. I own that fome of 'em are Drunkards
and extravagant in their A&ions and Words ,
that among fome of 'em who are wedded t<
their Intereft, Sordid Avarice bears the Afcen
dant ,• that fome are Proud and Implacable it
the way of Refentment ,• that fome of 'em an
Whore-mafters, Debauchees, Swearers, Hypo
crices, Ignorant Fellows, Worldly minded, Back
biters, &c. But their number is but very incon-
fiderable with refped to the whole ; for th<
Church receives none but the wifer and grave;
fort of Men, of whom they have fome mora
Alfurances, and whom they try and endeavou;
to know throughly before they admit 'era : Tho
after all their precaution it can't be otherwife bu
that they muft be impos'd upon fometimes ,• an<
indeed this is a great Misfortune, for when th<
Conduit of Ecclefiafticks is blacken d with fuel

Vices

to Nor^-America.

117

ices, it raifes the greateft Scandal that can be ;
le Sacred Word is polluted in their Mouths, the
aws of God are contemn'd, Divine Things are
frefpe&ed, the Office of the Miniftry is de-
is'd, Religion in general is trampled under
oot, and the People ftiaking off the due regard
1 Religion give way to an uncontroul'd Licen-
oufnefs. But in the mean time you ought to
mfider, that in fuch Cafes we take our Mea-
res from their Dodrine more than from the
sample of fuch fcandalous Ecclefiafticks ; we
e not upon the fame lay with you who have
)t the neceffary Difcretion to diftinguirti the
odrine from the Example, and to remain un-
aken by the Scandalous Lives of thofe you faw
Paris, whofe Converfation and Sermons were
r from being of a piece. In fine, all that I
ive to fay upon this Head, turns upon this, that
e Pope having given exprefs Orders to our Bi-
ops not to confer the Ecclefiaftical Dignity
*on any unworthy Objed., they take all the
-ecaution imaginable, and at the fame time ufe
dr utmoft Efforts to reclaim thofe who have
ready gone aftray.

Mario. I am furpris'd to find that you give all
ong fuch fuperficial Anfwers to all the Objedi-
is I have offer'd. I perceive that you court Di-
refiions, and always depart from the Subjed of
y Queftions. But fince 'tis fo, I'll come to die
ope then ; and with reference to that Point,
du muft know that one Day at New Tork an
ag/i/ft-man gave me to know that the Pope was
ich another Man as he or I was ; but that he
it every body to Hell that he Excommunica-
jd • that he releas'd whom he pleas'd from a fe-
Mid place of Torment, that it feems you have
>rgot, and open d the Gates of the Great Spi-
t's Country to fuch Perfons as he lik'd, as being
H h 3 intrufted

1t8 Some New Voyages

intruded with the Keys of that upper Region;
If all this be true, methinks all his Friends lliould
kill themfelves when he expires, that they may
croud in along with him when he opens the
Gates for himfelf ; and if it be in his Power to
fend Souls to Hell, 'tis a dangerous thing to be
rank'd in the number of his Enemies. At the
fame time, I was informed by that Englifh Gentle-
man, that this Papal Authority had no footing in
England, and that the Englifh ridiculed it. Now,
prithee, tell me whether this Englifh Chriftiar
fpoke the truth, or not.

Lahontan. The unfolding of this queftion wouk

run me out to fo wide a compafs of things, th£i

Iftiould not have done, not in fifteen days

The Jefuits will fatisfie you upon that point bet

ter than I can pretend to. However I'll take til

liberty to fay one thing, namely : That the Englij

Man rally'd and jeer'd while he mention d fom

things that were true. He had a great deal c

reafon to perfuade you that thofe of his Religi

on, did not depend upon the Pope for their Pa:

fage to Heaven, becaufe that lively Faith whic

you and I fpoke of before, conducts 'em thitta

without any regard to that holy Man. The So

of God is willing to fave all the Englifh by 1

Blood and Merits. And thus j ou fee that the

are happier than the French, of whom God h;

requir'd good Works that they fcarce ever mine

and who are doom'd to everlafting Flames,

their evil Adions run counter to the abovemer

tion'4 Commandments of God ; tho' at the fan:

rime; both they and we are of the fame Faitl

As to the fecond flaming place, which we ca

Purgatory, they are exempted from the neceffii

of paffing thro' it ,• becaufe they'd rather choo

to continue upon Earth thro' all the Ages of I

ternity' without vifiting Paradife, than to Bui

—

to North-America.

ii.

tt fotne thoufands of years by the way. They
•e fo tender upon this point of Honour, that
iey'll never accept of any Prefent at the pur-
*ife of bearing fome Baftinadoes. According
i their Notions of things, they do not take a
ian to be oblig'd by the giving him Mony and
ird Ufage at the fame time : This is rather an
[Front in their way. But the French who are
;fs nice upon the point ,• they take it tor a mign-
I favour, that they're allowed to burn for an
lfinity of Ages in Turgatory, upon the apprehen-
on that by that means, they will be better ac-
uainted with the true value of Heayen. Now
Z as much as the Pope is the Creditor of the
Inglitt, , and demands Reftitution of his own,
hey are far from asking his Pardons ,• that is, his
>affports for removing to Heaven without touch-
ne at Turgatory ; for if they did, he would order
zm a Pafs to that fort of Hell, which theyp>re-
end was never made for 'em. But we French Folks
hat pay him good round Annuities, being ac-
quainted with his Wonder-Working Power^ and
iffefted with a fenfe of our Sins againft God ;
p I fay, that lye under fuch Circumftances,
nuft of neceffity have recourfe to the Indulgen-
ces of that holy Man, in order to obtain a Par-
don that he has Power to grant ; for if on,e of us
be Condemn'd to lye forty years in Turgatory be-
fore he is remov'd to Heaven, why, twill colt
the Pope but one Word to get the Sentence K.e-
vers'd. In fine, to repeat once more what I laid
before, the Jefuits will inform you admirably
well, of the Authority and Power of the Pope,
and of the State of Turgatory. -

Adario. I am at alofs to know how to form a

diftind Idea of the difference between you and

the Engtijb, as to the point of Belief ; for the

more I endeavour to have it fet in a clearer lignt,

Hh-4 ths

1 2 o Some Kew Voyages

tbe lefs light I find. To my mind, theieft waj
for all of you is to agree upon this conclufion
That the Great Spirit has beftow'd upon all Men
a Light fufficient to ftiew em what they ought tc
do, without running the rifque of being impos'c
upon : For I have heard that in each of thefc
different Religions, there's an infinite number o
Perfons of different Opinions. To inftance ir
your Religion ,♦ every religious Order maintain:
certain Points that the reft do not, and obfervei
as great a diverfity in their Inftitutions as in theii
Habits. This makes me think that in Europe eve-
ry particular Man forms a peculiar Religion tc
himfelf, which differs from that which he out-
wardly profeffes. As for my own part, I firml]
believe that Men are not capable of knowinj
what the Great Spirit requires of 'em ,• and ]
can't diffuade my felf from believing, that fincc
the Great Spirit is fojuft and fo good, 'tis impof
fible that his Juftice ftiould render the Salvador
of Mankind fo difficult, as that all of 'emfhoulc
be Damn'd that are not retainers to your Religi-
on, and that even few of the Profeffors of ii
mould be admitted into Paradife. Believe me
my Friend ,• the other World goes upon a la)
that's quite different from what we have in this.
Few People know what paffes there : All cm
knowledge amounts only to this ,• That we Ha-
rms are not the Authours of our own Creation
that the Great Spirit has vouchfaPd us an honefl
Mould, while Wickednefs neftles in yours ,• and
thafc he fends you into our Country, in order tc
have m opportunity of Correding your Faulty
mid following our Example. Purfuant to this
Pnncjple , my Brother, thou may 'ft believe a<
long as thou wiit, and have as much Faith a<
thou haft a mind to : But after all, thou ftalt ne-
ver fee the good Country of Souls, untefs thou

turn'ft

—

to TSlorth- America. 1 2 1

turn'ft Huron. The Innocence of our Lives, the
Love we tender to our Brethren, and the Tran-
quility of Mind which we injoy in contemning
the meafures of Intereft : Thefe, I fay, are three
things that the Great Spirit requires of all Men
in General. We pra&ife all thefe Duties in our
Villages, naturally ,• while the Europeans defame,
kill, rob, and pull one another to pieces, in their
Towns. The Europeans have a ftrong mind to
Inherit a Place in the Country of Souls, and yet
they never think of their Creator, but when they
difpute with the Hurons/ Fare well, my deaf
Brother ; it grows late : I'll now retire to my
Hutt, in order to recoiled all the advances thou
haft made, that I may call 'em to mind to mor-
row, when I come to reafon the Point with the
Jefuits.

Of Laws.

Lahon^

^-TTfTEii, my
tan. V f What the Jefuit

Friend ,• thou haft heard
had to fay ,• he
has fet matters in a clear light, and made 'em much
plainer than I could do. You fee plainly there's
a great difference between his Arguments and
mine. We Soldiers of Fortune have only a fu~
perficial knowledge of our Religion, tho' indeed
we ought to know it better ,• but the Jefuits have
Study 'd it to that degree, that they never fail of
converting and convincing the mod obftinate
Infidels in the Univerfe.

Adario. To be free with thee, my dear Bro-
ther , I could fcarce underftand one tittle of
what he meant, and I am much miftaken if he
underftands it himfelf. He has repeated the ve-
ry

~

in Some TStew Voyages

ry fame Arguments a hundred times in my Huttj
and you might have ohferv'd, that yefterday I
anfwer'd above twenty times, that I had heard his
Arguments before upon feveral occafions. But,
what I take to be moft ridiculous, he teazes me
every minute to get me to interpret his Argu-
ments,- word for word, to my Countrymen ; up-
on the Plea that a Man of my Senfe may find
out in his own Language, more fignificant terms,
and render the meaning of his Words more In-
telligible, than a Jefuit who is not throughly
Maftef of the Huron Language. You heard me
cell hi oi, that he might Baptife as many Chil-
dren as he pleas'd, tho' at the fame time he could
not give me to know what Baptifm was. He
may do what he pleafes in my Village ,• let him
make Chriilians, and Preach, and Baptife if he
will j I {hall not hinder him. But now, methinks,
we have had enough of Religion5 let us there-
fore talk a little of what you call Laws • for you
know that we have no fuch Word in our Lan-
guage,- tho' at the fame time, I apprehend the
force and importance of the Word, by vertue of
the explication I had from you t'other day, toge-
ther with the examples you mention'd, to make
me conceive what you meant. Prithee tell me,
are not Laws the fame as juft and reafonable
Things? You fay they are. Why then, to ob-
ferve the Law, imports no more than to obferve
the meafures of Reafon and Juftice : And at
this rate you muft take juft and reafonable things
in another fenfe than we do ,• or if you take
'em in the fame fenfe, 'tis plain you never ob-
ferve 'em.

Lahontan. Thefe are fine Diftin&ions indeed,
you pleafe your felf with idle Flams. Haft not
thee the Senfe to perceive, after twenty Years
Gonverfation with the French, that what the Hu-

rons

-i

to North-Amexic£

12

I

rons call Reafon is Reafon among the French:
Tis certain that all Men do not obferve the
Laws of Reafon, for if they did there would be
no occafion for Punifhments, and thofe Judges
thou haft feen at Paris and Quebec would be ob-
ligd to look out for another way of Living. But
in regard that the good of the Society confifts in
doing Juftice and following thefe Laws, there's a
neceffity of puniftiing the Wicked and reward-
ing the Good ,• for without that Precaution Mur»
thers, Robberies and Defamations would fpread
every where, and in a Word, we fliould be the
moft miferable People upon the Face of the

Adario. Nay, you are miferable enough al-
ready, and indeed I can t fee how you can be
more fuch. What fort of Men mult the Europe-
ans be ? What Species of Creatures do they re-
tain to ? The Europeans , who rnuft be fore d to
do Good, and have no other Prompter for the
avoiding of Evil than the fear of Punifliment.
If Iask'd thee, what a Man is, thouwouldft
anfwer me, He's a Frenchman, and yet I'll prove
that your Man is rather a Beaver. For Man is^
not intitled to that Charader upon the fcore oi
his walking upright upon two Legs, or of Read-
ing and Writing, and fliewing a Thoufand othei;
Inftances of his Induftry. I call that Creature
a Man, that hath a natural inclination to do
Good, and never entertains the thoughts of do-
ing Evil. You fee we have no Judges ,• and
what's the reafon of that ? Why? We neither
quarrel nor fue one another. And what's the
reafon that we have no Law Suits ? Why ? Be-
cause we are refolved neither to receive nor to
know Silver. But why do we refufe admiffion
to Silver among us ? The reafon is this ,• We
are refolv'd to have no Laws, for fines the World

was

1 24 Some New Voyages

was a World cur Anceftors liv'd happily without
*em. In fine, as I intimated before, the Word
Laws does not fignifie juft and reafonable things
as you ufe it, for the Rich make a Jeft of em,
and 'tis only the poor Wretches that pay any re-
gard to 'em. But, pray, let's look into thefe!^/,
or reafonable things, as you call 'em. For thefe
Fifty Years, the Governors of Canada have ftill
alledg'd that we are fubjed to the Laws of their
great Captain. We content our felves in deny^
ing all manner of Dependance, excepting that
upon the Great Spirit,, as being born free and
joint Brethren, who are all equally Matters :
Whereas you are all Slaves to one Man. We do
not put in any fuch Anfwer to you, as if the
French depended upon us ; and the reafon of our
filence upon that Head is, that we have no mind
to Quarrel. But, pray tell me, what Authority
or Right is the pretended Superiority of your
great Captain grounded upon ? Did we "ever
iell our felves to that great Captain ? Were we
ever in France to look after you ? 'Tis you that
came hither to find out us. Who gave you all
the Countries that you now inhabit, by what
Right do you poffefs 'em ? They always be-
long'd to the Algonkins before. In earneft, my
dear Brother, I'm ibrry for thee from the bottom
of my Soul. Take my advice,, and turn Huron ;
for I fee plainly a vaft difference between thy
Condition and mine. I am Mafter of my own
Body, I have the abfolute difpofal of my felf, I
do what I pleafe, I am the firft and the laft of
my Nation, I fear no Man, and I depend only
upon the Great Spirit : Whereas thy Body, as
well as thy Soul, are doom'd to a dependance
upon thy great Captain • thy Vice-Roy difpofes
of thee ; thou haft not the liberty of doing what
thou haft a mind to $ thourt affraid of Robbers,

falfe

-

to North'Axmnez*

Vi5

:alfe Witneffes, Affaflins, &c. and thou depended:
upon an infinity of Perfons whofe Places have
rais'd 'em above thee. Is it true, or not? ^Are
thefe things either improbable or invifible ?
Ah! my dear Brother, thou feeft plainly that I
am in the right of it ^ and yet thou choofeft ra-
ther to be a French Slave than a free Huron.
What a fine Spark does a Frenchman make with his
fine Laws, who taking himielf to be mighty
Wife is affuredly a great Fool ; for as much as he
continues in Slavery and a ftate of Dependence,
while the very Brutes enjoy that adorable Liber-
ty/and like us fear nothing but Foreign Ene-
mies.

Lahontan. Indeed, my Friend, thy way of
Reafoning is as Savage as thy felf. I did not
think that a Man of Senfe, who hath been in
France and New England, would fpeak after that
Fafhion. What benefit haft thou reap d by ha-
ving feen our Cities, Forts and Palaces? When
thou talk'ft of fevere Laws, of Slavery, and a
Thoufand other idle Whims, queftionlefs thou
preacheft contrary to thy own Sentiments. Thou
takeft pleafure in difcanting upon the Felicity
of the flurons, a fet of Men who mind nothing
but Eating, Drinking, Sleeping, Hunting, and
Fifhing ,• who have not the enjoyment of any
one Conveniency of Life, who travel four Hun-
dred Leagues on Foot to knock four Iroquefe on
the Head, in a Word, who have ho more than
the ftiape of Men : Whereas we have our Con-
veniences, our unbending Diverfions, and a
Thoufand other Pleafures, which render the Mi-
nutes of our Life fupportable. To avoid the laili
of thofe Laws which are fevere only upon wick-
ed and criminal Perfons, one needs only to live
honeftly, and offer Injuries to no man.

Adarso^

~

1 26 Some New Voyages

Adario. Ay, my dear Brother, your being an
honeft Man would not avail you ; if two falfe
Witneffes fwear againft you, you'll prefently fee
whether your Laws are fevere or not. Have not
the Coureurs de Bois quoted me twenty inftances
of Perfons that have been cruelly put to death
by the lafh of your Laws, whofe Innocence has
appeared after their death ? What truth there is
in their Relations, I do not pretend to know ;
but 'tis plain that fuch a thing may happen. I
have heard 'em fay farther (and indeed I had
heard the fame thing in France before ) that poor
innocent Men are Tortur'd in a moft horrible
manner, in order to force 'em by the violence of
their Torment to a Confeffion of all that is
charg'd upon 'em, and oftentimes more. What
execrable Tyranny muft this be ! Tho' the
French pretend to be Men, yet the Women are
not exempted from this horrid Cruelty, no more
than the Men ,• both the one and the other choofe
rather to die once than to die fifty times. And
indeed they are in the right of it : For if it fhould
happen that by the influence of extraordinary
courage, they were capable of undergoing fuch
Torments without confeffing a Crime that they
never committed ,• what health, what manner of
life can they enjoy thereafter ? No, no, my dear
Brother, the black Devils that the Jefuits talk fo
much of^ are not in the Regions where Souls
burn in Flames, but in ghiehec and in France,
where they keep Company with the Laws, the
falfe Witneffes, the Conveniences of Life, the
Cities; the Fortreffes and the Pleafures you fpoke
of but now,

Lahontan. The Coureurs de Bois and the other
Sparks who told you fuch Stories, without ac-
quainting you with the other Circumftances that
they knew nothing of, are Block-heads that had

bet-

'ni

to North-America*

\i?

better have held theit peace. I'll fet the whole
matter before thee, in its clear and natural co-
lours. Suppofe, two falfe WitnefTes depofe a~
gainft a Man ; they are prefently put into two
feparate Rooms, where they can t fee or converfe
with one another. Then they are examined one
after another upon the Articles charged againft
the Perfon Arraign d ,• and the Judges are of
fiich tender Confciences, as to ufe their utmoft
efforts to difcover whether one or both of em
vary's, as to the Circumftances. If they happen
to perceive any falfity in their depofitions, which
is eafily perceiv'd, they Sentence 'em to die with-
out remiffion. But if it appears that they arefo
far from contradicfting, that they back one ano-
ther, they are prefented before the Prifoner, to
fee if he has any Obje&ion to make againft 'em3
and if he is willing to rely upon their Confcien-
ces. If he has nothing to objed, and if the two
Witneffes Swear by the Great Spirit, that they
faw him Murder, Rob, &c. the Judges condemn
him out of hand. As for Torture, 'tis never
made ufe of, but when there's only one Witnefs,
whofe Oath can't infer Death ; for the Law
which requires the Teftimony of two Men for a^
fufficient Proof, looks upon the Atteftation of
;one but as half a Proof. But at the fame time,
you muft remark that the Judges take all imagi-
nable Precaution to avoid the palling of an un-
juft Sentence.

Adorio. I'm e'en as wife as I was ; for when all
comes to all, the two falfe Witneffes have a per-
fect good underftanding between themfelves, be-
fore they are brought to the Bar, and they are
.not to feek for the Anfwers they kre. to make :
And I find the depofition of one Scoundrel will
put a Man to the Rack as well as that of an ho-
neft Man ; who in my Opinion do's juftly for-
feit

.

n8

Some New Voyages

feit the Character of Honefty by fuch a depofiti-
on, even when he has feen the Grime commit-
ted. The French are a fine fort of People, who
are fo far from faving one another's Lives, like
Brethren, that they refufe to do it when 'tis in
their power. But, prithee, tell me ,• what doft
thou think of thefe Judges ? Is it true that fome
of 'em are fo ignorant as they are faid to be ;
and that others are fo Wicked as to pronounce
unjuft Judgments contrary to their own Gonfci-
ences ,• with intent to favour a Friend, or to o*
blige a Miftrefs or a great Lord, or to hook in
Mony. I forefee thou'lt reply that the Allegati-
on is falfe, and that Laws are juft and reafonable
things. But at the fame time, I know 'tis as true,
as that we are here ,• for a Man that demands hk
Eftate of another who is unjuftly poffefs'd of it,
and makes the Innocence of his Caufe to appear
as clear as the Sun-fliine • that very Man, I fay,
Jball never make any thing of his Suit ,• if the
great Lord, the Miftrefs, the Friend, and the
Moijf bufinefe, fpeak on the Adverfary's behalf/
to the Judges who are impower'd to decide the
Caufe. The fame is the cafe of perfons Arraign'd
for Crimes. Ha ! Long live the Hurons ,• who
without Laws , without Prifons, and without
Torture, pafs their Life in a State of Sweetnefs
and Tranquility, and enjoy a pitch of Felicity
to which the French are utter Strangers. We live
quietly under the Laws of Inftind: and innocent
Gondud, which wife Nature has imprinted upon
our Minds from our Cradles. We are all of
one Mind ,• our Wills, Opinions and Sentiments
obferve an exa<5t Conformity ,• and thus wcfpend
our Lives with fuch a perfed good underftand-
ing, that no Difputes or Suits can take place a-
mongft us. But how unhappy are you in being
expos'd to the lafh of Laws, which your igno-
rant,

—

to North-AmzticZi

! 1$

ant, unjuft, and vicious Judges break in their
irivate A&ions, as well as in the Adminiftration
f their Offices ? Thefe are your juft and equi*
ibie Judges ; who have no regard to Right j
^ho make their Intereft the Standard of their
^ondudt, in the way of their Office ,• who have
othing in view but the Inriching of themfelves «
'ho are not aqceffible by any but the Daymen of
ilver ; who never adminifter Juftice, but thro*

Principle of Avarice or Paffion ,• who give
Countenance to Crimes, and fetafide Juftice and
[onefty, in order to give a full range to Cheat-*
ig, Quarrelling, and the carrying on of tedi-
2$ Law Suits, to the abufe and violation of
>aths, and to an infinity of other Diforders.
his is the practice of thefe doughty Affertors
: the fine Laws of the French Nation.

Lahontan. I gave you to know before, that you
ight not to give credit to all that every Fool
hifpers in your Ear. You give Ear to fome
lockheads that have not a tin&ure of. Common
:nfe, and that fpread lies under the notion of
iiths. Thefe bad Judges, that they fpeak of,
e as uncommon as white Beavers ,• for 'tis &
ieftion if there are four fuch in all France.
ur Judges are men that love Vertue, and have
mis to be fav'd as well as thee and I ; being in-
:fted with a publick Capacity, they are to an-
/er for their Condud before a Judg that has no
fped: to Perfons, and before whom the greateft
[onarch is no more than the me^neft Slave.'
here's fcarce any of thefe Men, who would
Dt choofe to die, rather than wound their Con*
ience or violate the Laws. Mony is too bafe a
[etal to tempt 'em, and Women warm 'em no
lore than the Ice. Friends ^and great Lords
take lefs Irnpreffion upon their Minds, thaii the
Paves upon the Rocks, They curb Libenifiifm,
I I they

Ll

120 Some Ne^ Voyages

they redrefs Diforders, and dojuftice to all that
Sue for it ; without the leaft regard to what we
call Intereft. As for my own part, I have lofl
my whole Eftate by being call in three or fom
Law-Suits at Tarts ; but I would be loth to be
lieve that the Judges are in fault, notwithftand
ing that my Adverfaries found both Mony an<
Friends to back bad Caufes* 'Twas the LaV
that gave it againft me, and I take the Law n
be juft and reafonable, imputing my furprize up
on the matter, to my unacquaintednefs with tha

Study.

Adarm I proteft I don't under ftand one woi

of what thou haft faid ; for I know the contr;

ry of what thou fay eft to be true, and thofe wt

informed me fo of the Judges are Men of und

fputed Honour and Senfe. But if no body hi

given me any fuch Information, I am not fo di

Pated as not to fee with my own Eyes, the I

juftice of your Laws and your Judges. I'll tt

thee one thing my dear Brother j I was a goi;

one day from Paris to VerfaiUes, and about h

way, I met a Boor that was a going to be Whi

for having taken Partridges and Hares wi

Traps. Between Rochel and Paris, I fawanotl

that was Condemn'd to the Gaily 's for havin]

little Bag of Salt about him. Thefe poor M

were puniftfd by your unjuft Laws, for end

vouring to get Suftenance to their Families ,• a

time when a Million of Women were got w

Child in the abfence of their Husbands, wl

the Phyficians Murder'd three fourthsof the P

pie, and the Gamefters reduc'd their Familiei

a Starving Condition, by lofing all they had

the World ,• and all this with Impunity. If thi:

go at this rate, where are your juft and reafl

able Laws ,• where are thofe Judges that Iw

Soul to be Sav'd as well as you and I ? After t

yo

to North-America.

ill

y ou 11 be ready to Brand the Huroni for Beafts;
In earneft, we fliould have a fine time of it if we
offer'd to punifh one of our Brethren for killing
t Hare or a Partridge ; and a glorious fight 'twould
>e, to fee our Wives inlarge the number of our
Children, while we are ingag'd in Warlike Ex-
>editions againft our Enemies j to fee Phyfici-
ms Poifon our Families, and Gamefters lofe the
Jeaver Skins they've got in Hunting. In France^
hefe things are look'd upon as trifles,, which do
rc>t fall within the Verge of their fine Laws^
Doubtlefs, they muft needs be very blind, that
ire acquainted with us, and yet do not imitate
>ur Example.

Lahontan. Very fine, my dear #Friend ^ thotl
;oeft too faft ,• believe me., thy Knowledge is fo
;onfin'd, as I faid before, that thy Mind can't
'each beyond the appearances of things. Would!!
hou but give Ear to Reafon, thou wouldil pre-
sently be fenfible that we ad upon good Princi-
ples, for the fupport of the Society. You muft
mow, the Laws Condemn all without except!-
)n, that are guilty of the Actions you've men-
ibn'd. In the firft place, they prohibit the Pea-
ants to kill Hares or Partridges, efpecially in the
Neighbourhood of "Paris ,* by reafon that an un«
sontroul'd liberty of Hunting, would quickly ex-
aauft the whole Stock of thofe Animals. The
Boors Farm the Grounds of their Landlords, who
referve to themfelves the Priviledge of Hunting,
as being Mailers. Now, if they happen to kill
Hares or Partridges, they not only rob their Ma-
tters of their Right, but fall under the Prohibiti-
on enacted by the Law : And the fame is the
Cafe of thofe who run Salt, by reafon that the!
Right of Tranfporting it is folely lodg'd in the
King. As to the Women and the Gamefters that
you took notice of ; you can't think fare thai
I i 2 we'd

t£ I Some Neiv Voyages

we'd fhut 'em up in Prifons and Convents, and
Condemn 'em to a perpetual Confinement. The
Phyficians, 'twould be unjuft to abufe, for of a
hundred Patients they do not kill two ; nay, on
the contrary, they ufe their utmoft efforts to
Cure 'em. There's a neceffity that Superannu-
ated Perfons , and thofe who are worn out,
fliould put a Period to their Lives. And after all,
tho' all of us have occafion to imploy Dolors,
if 'twere prov'd that they had kill'd any Patient3
either thro' Ignorance or Malice, the Law would
not fpare 'em no more than others,

Mario. Were thefe Laws obferv'd, you would
ftand in need of a great many Prifons ,• but I fee
plainly that ybu do not fpeak all the truth, anc
that you're afraid of carrying the Thing farther
leaft my Reafons fhouldputyoutoaftand. How-
ever, let's now caft our eyes upon thofe two Mer
who fled laft year to Quebec 9 to avoid the beinj
Burnt in France. If we look narrowly into thei:
Grime, we'll find occafion to fay, that Europe i
pefter'd with a great many foolifii Laws. But
to fpeak to the purpofe ,• thefe two French Mei
were Branded for Jugglers, pretended Magicians
and charg'd with the Crime of playing Magica
Tricks, Now, what harm have thefe poor Fel
lows done ,• perhaps they have had a fit of Sick
nefs, that has brought 'em into that State of Sim
plicity and Folly, as ic happens fometirnes amoni
us. Prithee tell me, what harm do our Juggler
do ? When a Patient is recommended to 5em
they fhut themfelves up all alone in a little Hutt
where they Sing, Roar, and Dance, and utte
fome extravagant Expreffions ,• then they giv
the Patient's Relations to know, that they mui
prepare a Feaft for Solaceing the Patient ,• an*
this Feaft confifts of Flefli or Fifli, according |
the Humour of this Juggler, who is only an ima

einar

to Norths America.

M3

ginary Phyfician, whofe Head has been turn'd
by fome hot Feaver or other. You fee we rally
upon 'em in their abfence, and fee thro' the Im~
pofture ; you are feniible that they are as foolilh
in their Actions as in their Words, and that they
never go upon Hunting or Warlike Expeditions :
And why would you Burn the poor Wretches,
that in your Country fall under the fame Misfor-
tune ?

Lahontan. There's a great deal of difference be-
tween our Jugglers and yours : Thofe of that
Profeffion among us, have interviews with the
evil Spirit, and feaft with him every Night ; by
vertue of their Witchcraft, they hinder a Man
from Imhracing his own Wife ; by putting a cer-
tain Charm into the Victuals or Drink of Vertu-
pus and Wife Ladies, they draw 'em to Debau-
chery ,* they Poyfon the Cattel, they blaft the
Produd: of the Earth, they caufe Men to die in
a languiftiing Condition, and a Big-Belly 'd Wo-
man to Mifcarry : In fine, they do an infinity of
mifchievous A&ions, which I have not nam'd.
This fet of Men calls themfelves Inchanters and
Sorcerers ,• but there's another fort that is yet
worfe, namely, the Magicians, who converfe
in a familiar way with the evil Spirit, and get
him to appear in what .Figure they pleafe, to
thofe who have the curiofity to fee him. They
have fecret Charms that will procure good Luck
at Gaming, and Inrich thofe upon whooi they
are beftow'd ,• they foretel Futurities, and have
the Power to transform themfelves into all forts
of Animals, and the moft frightful Figures ,• they
run about to certain Houfes, where they make
fc fearful Howling, interlaced with Cries and
difrnal Moans, and appear to be as tall as the
loftyeft Trees, with Chains on their Feet, and
£rpents in their Hands : la fine, they do fo'ter-

KI i 5 riiy

rij4 Some New Voyages

yify the People, that they are forcd to have re-
pourfe to the Priefts, for their Exorcifms ,• upon
she apprehenfion that thefe Apparitions are Souls
come from Purgatory to this World, to beg fome
Maffes which are neceffary for their Tranflatiofi
into the Prefence of the Almighty, Now, take
all thefe Articles together, you will not think It
ftrange, that we Burn 'em without Mercy, pur-
suant to the Tenor of our Laws.

Adario. Is it poffible, that you believe fuch idle

Stories ? Sure, you only rally to fee what I wouK

anfwer. Thefe Stories feem to be of a piece witt

f es£fo?$ thofe I have Read in the * Books of fpea-

Fables. king Animals. Some of our Coureurs il

$ois Read thefe idle Fi&ions every day ; and In

much miftaken if what you now fpeak of, is no

Written in thefe Books : For, one muft be

fqol that believes that the evil Spirit is invefte*

with the Power of coming upon the Earth ; fup

pofing it to be true that he is fuch as the Jefuit

reprefent him. No Creature can fubfift out c

its own Element : Fifti die when fore d upon th

Land, and Man expires when under Watei

How can you imagine then that the Devil cai

live oat of his Element, which is Fire ? Befidej

If he could come upon the Earth, he woul

do mifchief enough by himfelf, without irr

ploying thefe Sorcerers ,• and if he convers'

with one Man, he would be ready to con

yerfe with many others ; for confidering the

In your Country the wicked out- number th

good, every one of you would then turn Sorcei

er, and fo all would go to Deftrudion together

the World would be turn'd upilde down ; andi

a word I a remedylefs Diforder would enfu<

Doft not thee know, my Brother, that to cred

■ inch idle Whims, is an affront offer'd to the Gre;

in regar

d that it char'

with At
loriili

to Nbrt/j-America.

l3*

thorifing Mifchief, and being the direct Authpur
of all che abovemention'd Diforders, by fuffering
the Evil Spirit to turn out of Hell ? Since the
Great Spirit is fo good, as you and I are fenfible
lie is, 'tis more credible that he would fend good
Souls with agreeable Shapes, to check men for
their unwarrantable A&ions, and to invite 'em
in an amicable way to the pra&ice of Vertue,
by fetting forth the Felicity and Blifs of thofe
Souls that are poffefs'd of the good Country. As
for the Souls that lye in Turgatory ( if fo be that
there's any fuch place ) I take it, the Great Spi-
rit has no occafion to be intreated and pray d to
on their behalf, by thofe who have enough to do
to pray for themfelves: Befides, fince he gires
'em leave to come to the Earth, he might as well
allow them to mount up to Heaven. Upon the
whole, my dear Brother, if I thought you fpoke
ferioufly of thefe things, I mould truly be appre-
henfive that you are Delirious, or have loft your
Senfes. Certainly, there muft be fome more in-
flaming Article againft thefe two Juggle^ or
elfe both your Laws and your Judges are equal-
ly unreafonable. If 'twere true that thefe mif-
chievous Anions were a&ually committed, the
Confequence I mould draw from thence, would
be this ,* That fince there's no fuch thing heard
of among any of the Nations of Canada, it cant
be otherwife bat that the Evil Spirit has a power
over you that he has not over us. Upon this
lay, we are a good People, and you on the other
hand are perverfe, malicious, and addi&ed to all
degrees of Vice and Wickednefs. But, prithee,
let's make an end of our Conferences upon this
1 Head ,• and fo I'll expecl no anfwer to what has
beenfaid. To come back to your Laws, pray
inform me how it comes to pals that they rater
Women to be Sold for Mony to thofe who have
li 4 a

i j 6 Some New Voyages

a mind to make ufe of 'em ? Why do they fuffer
thofe publickHoufes where the Whores and Bawcb
are in readynefs all the hours of the day, to or
blige all forts of Perfons ? Why arefomeallow'd
to wear Swords, in order to kill others that dare
not wear 'em? Why do not they prohibit the
Selling of Wine above a determin'd quantity, ox
the adulterating of it with' I do not know how
many Ingredients, that ruin one's Health ? Do
not you fee the Diforders committed at Quebec
by Drunkards ? You'll anfwer perhaps, as others
have done before you ,• that the Vintner is al-
low'd to Sell as much Goods as he can put off,
for the maintenance of himfelf and his Family |
and that he who drinks the Wine ought to regu-
late his own Conducft; and be moderate in that
as well as in all other things. But I'll prove
that to be impqflible, for a Man in drink,
Jofes his Reafon before he is aware, or at leafl
his Reafon is fo drown'd that he is not capable oi
diftinguifliing what he ought to do. Why dc
not your Laws reftrain the exceffive Gaming3
that is the fource of a thoufand evils ? Fa-
thers ruin their Families (as I faid before)
Children either Rob their Fathers, or run 'em
into Debt ,• the Wives and Daughters proftituts
themfelves for Mony, when they're redue'd to
.extremities, and have plaid away their Cloaths,
£nd their Houfhold Furniture. This gives rife
to difputes, murders, enmity, and irreconcila-
ble hatred. Thefe prohibition? , ^y 'Brother
would be of no ufe among the ihrons ; but they
are very much wanted among the French. If by
fuch methods you would gradually reform the
Diforders that Xntereft has rais'd amongft you, I
fliould hope that one day you might come to live
without Laws as we do,

La-.

to North- America.

137

Lahontan. I acquainted you before, that our
Laws inflicft Penalties on Gamefters j and pro-
vide Punifhments for Whores and Bawds, and
above all, for publick Houfe-Keepers, when dis-
orders happen in their Houfes. All the difference
lies here, that our Cities are fo large and popu-
lous that 'tis not eafy for the Judges to trace all
the Abufes that are committed : But at the fame
time, they are prohibited by the Laws, and all
poffible meafures are us'd to prevent 'em : In one
word, our Judges indeavour with fuch care and
application to* ltiffle bad Cuftoms, to eftablifli a
good Order in all the Branches of the Society,
to punifti Vice and reward Vertue ; this, I fay,
they do with fuch care and application^ that if
you could but ftiake off your faulty Prejudices,
and weigh narrowly the excellency of our Laws,
you would be oblig'd to own that the French are
a juft, judicious and knowing People, who pur-
fue the true meafures of Jufticeand Reafonniore
than you do.

Adario. I would gladly embrace any opportu-
nity of working my felf into that Belief before I
die, for I have a natural affedion for the French ^
but I am very apprehenfive that I (hall not meet
-with that Confolation. Upon this foot, your
cjudges ought to begin firft to obferve the Laws,
that their example may influence others ,• they
ought to difcontinue their Oppreflion of Wi-
dows, Orphans, and poor Creatures ,• to give
difpatch to the Suits of Perfons that come an
hundred Leagues off for a Hearing ,• and in a
word, to form fuch Judgments of Caufes as the
Great Spirit fliall do. I can never entertain a
good thought of your Laws, till they ieffen the
Taxes and Duties that poor People areconftraiifd
to pay, at a time when the Rich of all Stations
pay nothing in proportion to their Eflates ; till

you

1 3 8 Some Neip Voyages

you put a flop to the courfe of Drunkennefs
that fpreads thro3 our Villages, by prohibiting
the Coureurs de Bois to import Brandy among us.
Then indeed I fiiall hope that youll compleat
your Reformation by degrees, that a levelling of
filiates may gradually creep in among you • anct
that at laft you'll abhor that thing call'd Intereft,
which occasions all the Mifchief that Europe
groans under. When you arrive at that pitchy
you'll have neither Meum nor Tuum to difturb
you, but live as happily as the Hurons. This is
enough for one day : I fee my Slave coming to
acquaint me that I am wanted in the Village.
Farewel, my dear Brother, till to morrow.

Lahontan. I am of the Opinion , my dear
Friend, that you would not have come fo foon
to, my Apartment, if you had not defign d to
purfoe our laft Difpute. As for my part, I de-
clare I will not enter the lifts farther with you,
upon the confideration that you are not capable
to apprehend my Arguments. You are fo pre-
poffefs'd on the behalf of your own Nation, fo
ilrongly byafs'd to the Savage Cuftoms, and fo
little fond of a due enquiry into ours ; that ]
iliali not daign to kill both my Body and my
Soul, in endeavouring to make you fenfible of
*he ignorance and mifery that the Hurons have al-
ways liv'd in. Thou knoweft I am thy Friend j
and fo I have no other view, but to fet before
thine eyes the Felicity that attends the French, to
the end that thou and the reft of thy Nation may
live as they do. I told you, I do not know how
often,.- that you infill on the Converfation ol
ibme French Debauchees, and meafure all the reft
by their Bufhel. I acquainted you, that they
were punifh'd for their Crimes ,• but thefe rea-
.fons will not go down with you ; you obfti-

nately

to Korth-AmtnoL.

*19

nately maintain your aflertion by throwing in
affrontive anfwers, as if the French were not Men.
Upon the whole, I am downright weary of hear-
ing fuch poor fluff come from the Mouth of a
Man that all the French look upon as a Man of
excellent Senfe. The People of thy Nation re-
fpe& thee not only for thy Senfe and Spirit, but
for thy Experience and Valour. Thou art the
Head of the Warriours, and the Prefidentof the
Council; and without flattery,. I have fcarce
met with a Man of a quicker ap'prehenfion than
thy felf. 'Tis upon this confideration, that I
pity thee with all my heart for not throwing oft
thy prejudicate Opinions.

Adam. Thou'rt miftaken, my dear Brother,
in all thou haft faid ; for I have not form d to
my felf any falfe Idea of your Religion, or of
your Laws, The Example of all the French in
General, will ever oblige me to look upon all
their A&ions as unworthy of a Man. So that
my Idea's are juft ; the prepoffeffion you talk of
is well grounded ; and I am ready to make out all
my advances. We talk'd of Religion and Laws,
and I did not impart to you above a quarter <n
what I had to fay upon that Head. You infill
chiefly upon our way of living, which you take
to be Blame-worthy. The French in general take
us for Beafts ,• the Jefuits Brand us for impious,
foolifh and ignorant Vagabonds. And to be
even with you, we have the fame thoughts of
you ,• but with this difference, that we pity you
without offering inve&ives. . Pray hear me, my
dear Brother, I fpeak calmly and without paffion.
The more I refied upon the lives of the Furcfe-
the iefs Wifdom and Happinefs I find among
Thefe fix years I have bent my thoughts

ens,
'em.

upon the State
light on

any thing

of the Europeans : But I can t
in their 'A&ions that is not

be-

1 4© Some Wew Voyages

beneath a Man ,• and truly I think 'tis impoffible
It fliould be otherwife, fo long as you ftick to the
fneafure's of Meum and Tuum. I affirm that what
you call Silver is the Devil of Devils ; the Ty~
rant of the French • the Source of all Evil ,• the
Bane of Souls, and the Slaughter- Houfe of living
Perfons. To pretend to live in the Mony Coun-
try, and at the fame time to fave one's Soul, is as
great an inconfiftency as for a Man to go to th$
bottom of a Lake to prefer ve his Life. Thi|
Mony is the Father of Luxury, Lafcivioufhefs^
Intrigues, Tricks, Lying, Treachery, Falfe-
nefs, and in a word, of all the mifchief in
the World. The Father fells his Children.
Husbands expofe their Wives to Sale, Wive*
betray their Husbands, Brethren kill one ano-
ther, Friends are falfe, and all this proceeds from
Mony. Confider this, and then tell me if we
are not in the right of it, in refuting to finger,
or fo much as to look upon that curfed Metal.

I,ahontan. What ! is it poflible that you fhould
always Reafon fo forrily ! Prithee, do' but liften
once in thy life time to what I am going to fay.
Doit: not thou fee, my dear Friend, that the Na-
tions of Europe could not live without Gold and
Sliver, or feme fuch precious thing. Without
that Symbol, the Gentlemen, the Priefts, the
Merchants, and an infinity of other Perfons who
have not Strength enough to labour the
Earth, would die for Hunger. Upon that lay,
our Kings would be no Kings : Nay, what Sol-
diers fhould we then have ? Who would then
Work for Kings or any body elfe, who would
run the hazard of the Sea, who would make
Anns unlefs 'twere for hirnfelf? Believe me,
this would run us to remedilefs Ruine, 'twould
turn Europe into a Chaos, and create the moft
difmal Confufion that Imagination it felf can I
reach. Alarm

to North- America.

Hi

Mario. You fobb me off very prettily,' truly s
i/hen you bring in your Gentlemen, your Mer~
hants and your Priefls. If you were Strangers
o Meum and Tmms thofe diftin&ions of Men
youldbefunk ; a levelling equality would then
ake place among you as it now do's among the
wrens, For the firft thirty years indeed, after
he banilliing of Intereft, you would fee a ftrange
}efolation ; thofe who are only qualify 'd to eat,
lrink, fleep and divert themfelves, would Ian-,
juifti and die ; but their Pofterity would be fit
or our way of living. I have fet forth again
md again, the qualities that make a Man in-
wardly fuch as he ought to be ,• particularly,
Wifdom, Reafon, Equity, &c. which are cour-
ted by the Huron*. I have made it appear that
the Notion of feparate Interefts knocks all thefe
(Qualities in the Head, and that a Man fway'd by
Intereft can't be a Man of Reafon. As for the
outward Qualifications of a Man ,• he ought to be
expert in Marching, Hunting, Fifhing, Waging
tyar, Ranging the Forefts, Building Hutts
^nd Canows, Firing of Quns, Shooting of Ar-
rows, Working Canovvs : He ought to be Inde-
fatigable, and able to live on fliort Commons up-
6n occafion. : In a word, he ought, to know how
to go about all the Exercifes of the Huron*. Now
in my way, 'tis the Perfon thus qualify 'd that I
Cjall a Man.. Do but confider, how many Milli-
ons there are in Europe, who, if they were left
thirty Leagues off in the Forrefts, and provided
with Fufees and Arrows, would be equally at a
lofs, either to Hunt and maintain themfelves, or
to find their way out : And yet you fee we tra~
verfe a hundred Leagues of. Forrefts. without
lofing' our way, that we kill Fowl and other
Beafts with our Arrows, that we. catch. Filb in
all the places where they are to be had /-that we

'"Bo£

• H •

142 Some TSlew Voyages

Dog both Men and Wild Beafts by their Foot-
fteps, whether in Woods or in open Fieldsj
in Summer or in Winter ; that we live upon
Roots when we lye before the Gates of the
Iroquefe, that we run like Hares, that we know
how to ufe both the Axe and the Knife, and to
make a great many ufeful things. Now fince we
are capable of fuch things, what fhould hinder
you to do the fame, when Intereft is laid afide i
Are not your Bodies as large, ftrong and brawny
as ours ? Are not your Artifans imploy'd in har-
der and more difficult Work than ours ? If you
liv'd after our manner, all of you would be e<
qually Mafters ; your Riches would be of the
fame Stamp with ours, and confift in the pur-
chafing of Glory by military Actions, and the
taking of Slaves ,• for the more you took of them
the lefs occafion you would have to Work : In a
word, you would live as happily as we do.

Lahontan. £)o you place a happy Life, in be-
ing oblig'd to lye under a pittiful Hutt of Bark,
to Sleep under four forry Coverlets of Beaver
Skins, to Eat nothing but what you Boil and
Roaft, to be Cloath'd with Skins, to go a Beaver
Hunting in the harfheft Seafon of the Year, to
run a hundred Leagues on Foot in purfuit of the
Iroquefe, thro' Marfhes and thick Woods, the
Trees of which are cut down fo as to render 'em
inacceffible ! Do you think your felves happy
when you venture out in little Canows, and run
the rifque of being drown'd every foot in your
Voyages upon the Great Lakes; when you lye
upon the ground with the Heavens for your Ca-
nopy, upon approaching to the Villages of your
Enemies ,• when you run with full Speed, both
days and nights without eating or drinking, as
being purfued by your Enemies ,• when you are
fure of being reducM to the laft extremity, if

the

to North- AiTicnc^.

[43

lie Courems de Bois did not out of Friendihip,
Charity and Comniiferation, fupply you with .
Fire- Arms, Powder, Lead, Thread for Nets,
kxes, Knives, Needles, Awls , Filhing-Hooks,
fettles, and feveral other Commodities ?

Adario. Very fine, come, don't let's go fo faft j
the day is longhand we may talk one after the other
at our own leifure. It feems you take all thefe
things to be great hardfliips ; and indeed I own
they would be fuch to the French, who like Beafts^
love only to eat and to drink, and have been
brought up to Softnefs and Effeminacy. Pri-
thee, tell me what difference there is between
lying in a good Hutt, and lying in a Palace • be-
tween Sleeping under a Cover of Beaver-Skins^
and Sleeping under a Quilt between two Sheets ;
between Eating Boil'd and Roaft Meat, and feed-
ing upon dirty Pies, Ragou s, &c drefs'd by your
greafy Scullions ? Are we liable to more Difordef s
and Sickneffes than the French, who are ac-
commodated with thefe Palaces, Beds and
Cooks ? But after all, how many are therein
France that lye upon Straw in Garrets where
the Rain comes in on all hands, and that are
hard put to't to find Victuals and Drink ? I have
been in France, and fpeak from what I have ken
with my Eyes. Yofci rally without reafon,, upon
lour Cloaths made of Skins, for they are warm-
■ er, and keep out the Rain better than your
Cloth ; befides, they are not fo ridiculoufly
made as your Garments, which have more Stuff
-in their Pockets and Skirts, than in the Body of
the Garment.- As for cur Beaver-Huntings you
.take it to be a terrible thing ; while it affords us
^ all manner of pleafure and diverfion ; and at the
fame time, procures as all forts of Commodities
in exchange for the Skins. Befides, cur ^Slaves
-''take all the Drudgery off our hands, ( if fo be

that

1 44 Some Kew Voyages

that you will have it to be drudgery. ) You
know very well that Hunting is the moft agree-
able Diverfion we have ; but the Beaver-Hunt-
ing being fo very pleafant, we prefer it to all the
other forts. You fay, we have a troublefome
and tedious way of waging War ; and indeed I
muft own that a French Man would not be able
to bear it, upon the account that you are not
accuftom'd to fuch long Voyages on Foot ; but
thefe Excurfions do not fatigue us in the leaft,
and 'twere to be wiflf d for the good of Canada^
that you were poffefs'd of the fame Talent ^
for if you were, the Iroquefe would not Cut youf
Throats in the midft of your own Habitations^
as they do now every day. You infift like wife
on the rifque we run in our little Canows, as aj$
inftance of our Mifery ; and with reference to
that Pointy 'tis true that fometimes we cannot
difpenfe with the ufe of Canows, becaufo
we are Strangers to the Art of Building larger*
Veffels ; but after all, your great Veffels are lia-1
ble to be call: away as well as cur Canows. 'Tis
likewife true, that we lye flat upon the open
ground when we approach to the Villages of otcft
Enemies ; but 'tis equally true that the -Soldiers,-
in France are not fo well accommodated as your
Men are here, and that they are oftentimes
forc'd to lye in Marflies and Ditches, where they
are expos'd to the Rain and Wind, You objed
farther, that we betake our felves to a fpeedy
Flight ; and pray what can be more natural than
to flye when the number of our Enemies is tri-
ple to ours. The Fatigue indeed of running
night and day without Eating and Drinking, is
terrible ,• but we had better undergo it than be-
come Slaves. I am apt to believe that fuch ex- I
tremities are matter of Horrour to the Europeans,
but we look upon 'em as in a manner, nothing.

You

to North'Amefica.

i

45

rou conclude., in pretending that the French pis*
mt our Mifery by taking pity of us. But pray
>nfider how our Anceftors liv'd an hundred
jars ago : They liv'das well without your Ccfri-
odities as we do with Jem ; for inftead of
>ur Fire-Locks, Powder and Shot, they iriade
b of Bows and Arrows, as we do to this day i
hey made Nets of the Thread of the Barks of
rees, Axes of Stone ; Knives, Needles and
wis of Stag or Elk-Bones j and fupply'd the
om 'of Kettles with Earthen Pots. Now., fihce
ir Anceftors liv'd without thefe Commodities
r fo many Ages fl am of the Opinion, We
uld difpenfe with 'em eafyef than the French
uld with our Beaver Skins j for which, by a
ighty piece of Friendship, they give us in ex-
ange Fufees, that burft and Lame many of our
ardors , Axes that break in the cutting of a
rub, Knives that turn Blunt, and lofe their
Ige in the cutting of a Citron ,• Thread which
lalf Rotten, and fo very bad that our Nets are
>rn out as foon as they are made ,♦ and Kettles
thin and flight, that the very weight of Water
tkes the Bottoms fall out. This, my dear Bro-
sr, is the anfwer I had to give to your Reflexi-
s upon the Mifery of the Hurons.
Lahontan. 'Tis well ; I find you would have
i to believe that the Hurons are infenfible of
Sir Fatigue and Labour j and being bred up to
verty and Hardillips, have another notion of
a than we have. This may do with thofe
10 have never ftir'd out of their own Coun-
% and confequently have no Idea of a better
fe than their own j who having never vifited
r Cities and Towns, fancy that we live juft as
ly do. But as for thee, who haft feen France^
tebec and New-England, methinksthy judgment
d relifh of things are too much of the Savage
K k Strain x

;

1 46 Some New Voyages

Strain j whilft thou prefers the Condition of the
Hurons to that of the Europeans. Can there be a
more agreeable and delightful Life in theWorldj
than that of an infinity of rich Men, who want
for nothing ? They have fine Coaches, State!}
Houfes adorn'd with kich Hangings and Magni-
ficent Pictures, Sweet Gardens replenifh'd witj
all forts of Fruit, Parks Stock'd with all forts til
Animals, Horfes and Hounds and good ftore ft
Mony, which enables 'em to keep a Sumptuou:
Table, to frequent the Play-Houfes, to Gamt
freely, and to difpofe handfomely of their Chll
dren. Thefe happy Men .are ador'd by th$
Dependants ,• and you have feen with your owt
eyes our Princes, Dukes, Mareftials of Franct
Prelates, and a Million of perfons of all Stati
ons, who want for nothing, and live like Kings
and who never call to mind that they have liv'd
till fuch time as Death alarms 'em.

Adario. If I had not been particularly inform'
of the State of France, and lee into the know
ledge of all the Circumftances of that Peoph
by my Voyage to Pam ; I might have been Blir
ded by the outward appearances of Felicity ths
you fet forth : But I know that your Prince
your Duke, your Marefhal, and ybur Prelate ai
far from being happy upon the Gompaarifon Wit
the Hurons? who know no other happinefs tha
that of Liberty and Tranquility of Mind ; F(
your great Lords hate one another in the:
Hearts ,• they forfeit their Sleep, and neglfe
even Eating and Drinking, in making their Coii:
to the King, and undermining their Enemies
they offer fuch Violence to Nature in cliflen
bling, difguifmg and bearing things, that t!"
Torture of their Soul leaves all Expreffioit fi
behind it. Is all this nothing in your way ? D
•you think it fuch a trifling matter to have fifi

Sa

to Nor^-America*

147

ierpents in your Bofom ? Had not they better
hrow their Coaches, their Palaces and their Fi*
iery, into the River, than to fpend their life
me in a continued Series of Martyrdom? Were
in their place., I'd rather choofe to be a Huron
rith a Naked Body and a Serene Mind. The
ody is the Apartment in which the Soul is lodg'd j
id what fignifies it, for the Cafe call'd the Bo-
y, to be fet off with Gold Trappings, or fpread
ut in a Coach,, or planted before a Sumptuous
able, while the Soul Galls and Tortures it?
'he great Lords, that you call Happy, lie ex-
ps'd to Difgrace from the King, to the detra&I-
a of a thoufand forts of Perfons, to the lofs of
reir Places, to the Contempt of their Fellow
iourtiers ,• and in a word, their foft Life is
lwarted by Ambition, Pride, Prefumption and
,nvy. They are Slaves to their Paflions, and to
leir King, who is the only French Man that can
3 call'd Happy, with reiped to that adorable
iberty which he alone enjoys. There's a thou-
ind of us in one Village, and you fee that we
>ye one another like Brethren j that whatever
ny one has is at his Neighbour's Service j that
ar Generals and Prefidents of the Council have
ot more Power than any other Huron $ that De-
•adion and Quarreling were never heard of a-
*ong us ; and in fine, that every one is his own
iafter, and do's what he pleafes, without being
ccountable to another, or cenfur'd by his Neigh-
our. This, my dear Brother, is the difference
etween us and your Princes, Dukes, &c And
: thofe great Men are fo Unhappy, by confe-
rence, thofe of inferiour Stations muft have
greater Ikare of Trouble and perplexing
-lares.

Kk a

La*

148

Some TSLem Voyages

I

Lahontan. You muft know that as your Hurons
who are brought up in the way of Fatigue and
Mifery, have no mind to be rid of it j fo thefe
great Lords being inur'd from their infancy to,
ambition, care, d^. can't live without it. A&
Happinefs lies in the imagination, fo they feeib
themfelves with Vanity, and in their hearts think
themfelves as good as the King. That Tran-
quility of mind that the Hurons enjoy, never
car'd for cf offing over to France, for fear of being,
confin'd to the little Religious Houfes. Tran«,
quility of mind paffes in France for the CharM
d:er of a Fool, of a fenfelefs, carelefs Fellowij
To be happy, one muft always have fomewhat
in his view that feeds his Wiflies. He that conN
fines his Wifhes to what he enjoys, muft be a Hu&
rony which none will defire to be, if he confiderS
that Life would be a Scene of Uneafynefs, n
our Mind did not dired us every minute to defirfi
fomewhat that we are not yet poffefs'd of,* and
'tis this that makes a Life happy, provided the
means imploy'd in the profecution of fuch
Wifhes are lawful and warrantable.

Adario. Is not that Burying a Man alive ,• to
rack his Mind without intermiffion in the acquis
fition of Riches and Honour, which cloy us as
foon as obtain d ,• to infeeble and wafte his Bo^
dy, , and to expofe his Life in the forming of
Enterprifes, that for the moft part prove AboW
tive ? As for your Allegation, that thefe great
Lords are bred from their Infancy to Ambitioii
and Care, as we are to Labour and Fatigue ,• 1
muft fay, 'tis a fine Comparifon for a Man chat
can Read and Write. Tell me, prithee,, if th4
repofe of the Mind and the exerciie of the Body
are not the necelfary Inftruments of Health, u
the toffing of the Mind and the reft of the Body
are not the means to deftroy it ? What have w*

in

-

to Nortb-Americal

149

n the World that's dearer to us than our Lives,
:nd ought not we to take the beft meafures to
treferve 'em ? The French murder their Health
y a thoufand different means, and we preferve
iurs till our Bodies are worn out, our Souls be-
ig fo far free from Paffions, that they can t al-
5r or difturb our Bodies. And after all, you
lfinuate that the French haften the Moment of
leir Death by lawful means : Avery pretty con-
lufion indeed, and fuch as defer ves to be took
otice of. Believe me, my dear Brother, 'tis
ly Intereft to turn Huron, in order to prolong
\y life. Thou fiialt drink , eat , fleep, and
[unt with all the eafe that can be ,• thou fhalt be
•ee'd from the Paffions that Tyrannife over the
rench ; thou ftialt have no occafion for Gold or
ilver to make thee happy ,• thou ftialt not fear
Lobbers, Affaffins or Falfe Wicneffes ,• and if
iou haft a mind to be King of all the World,
rhy, thou {halt have nothing to do but to think
iatthou art fo.

Labontan. You cannot expect I ftiould comply
ilth your demand, without thinking that I have
sen guilty of fuch Crimes in France K that I
in't return without running the rifque of being
urnt: For after all, leant imagine a more un-
countable Met amor fhofis, than that of a French
Ian into a Huron. How d'ye think I could un-
ergo the Fatigues we talk'd of but now ? D ye
link I could have the patience to hear the
Mdifh Propofals of your Ancient and your
roung Men, without taking them up ? Is it feafible
lat 1 could live upon Broth, Bread, Indian Corn,
.oaft Meat and Boil'd, without either Pepper
r Salt ? Gould I brook the Larding of my Face
ke a Fool, with* twenty forts of Colours I
Phat Spirit muft I be of, if I drink nothing but
lapple- Water, and go ftark Naked all the Sum-
. lKk ? nie:5

~

I « o Some IStew Voyages

mer, and eat out of nothing but Wooden Diflies t
Your Meals would never go down with me, fin^c
two or three hundred Perfons muft Dance fqp
two or three hours before and after. I can't liyj
with an unciviiis'd fort of People, who know nc
other Compliment than, I honour you. No, no;
my dear Adario, 'tis impoflible for a French- Mar
to turn Huron, but a Huron may eafily become ';
French- Man.

Adario. At that rate you prefer Slavery to Li
berty. But 'tis no Surprifal to me, after what]
have heard you maintain : Tho after all, if yo^
happen'd to enter into your own Breaft, and t<
throw off your prepoffeffion with regard to tli
Cuftoms and Humours of the French Nation ; ;
cannot fee that the Objections you've now Star
ted, are of fuch Moment as to keep you fron
falling into our way of living. What a mighr
difficulty you meet wicti in bringing your felf tj
approve of our old Men's Counfel, and our younj
Mens Projects ! Are not you equally graveil'd
when the Jefuits and your Superiours make ira
pertinent demands ? Why would not you choo|
to live upon the Broth of all forts of good ani
fubftantial Meat ? Our Partridges, Turkeys
Hares, Ducks, and Roe-Bucks ,• do not they e^
well when they're Roafted or Boil'd ? What fig
nifks your Pepper, your Salt, and a thoufand o
ther Spices, unlefs it be to murder your Health
Try our way of living but one fort-night, an<
then you'll long for no fuch doing?. What harp
can you fear from the Painting of your Face witl
Colours ? You dawb your Hair with Powde
and Exience, and even your Cloathsare fprinklei
with the fame : Nay, I have feen French Mej
that had Muftaches like Cats, cover'd o'er witl
Wa. As for the Mapple- Water , 'tis fweet
■ healthy, well-tailed, and friendly to theStomaqj

Km

to North-kmzncz.

5

Ind IVe feen you drink of it oftner that! once
>r twice : Whereas Wine and Brandy deftroy
he natural Heat, pall the Stomachy inflame the
Mood, Intoxicate, and create a thoufand Di£-
)rders. And pray what harm would it do ye,
o go Naked in warm Weather ? Befides, we^are
tot fo ftark Naked, but that we are cover'd be-
tind and before. 'Tis better to go Naked, than
o toil under an everlafting Sweat, and under a
oad of Cloaths heap d up one above another.
VhereY the uneafynefs of Bating, Singing, and
)ancing in good Company ? Had not you bet-
6r do fo than fit at Table moping by your felf,
>rin the Company of thofe that you never faw
>r knew before ? All the hardfbip then, that you
San complain of, lies in converfing with an un-
iviliz'd People, and being robb'd of the Page-
intry of Compliments. This you take to-be a
ad Affli&ion, tho' at the bottom 'tis far from be-
ng fuch. Tell me, prithee ; do's not Civility
:onfift in Decency and an affable Carriage ?
Ind what is Decency ? Is it not an everlafting
tack,, and atyrefome Affectation difplay d in
iVords, Cloaths and Countenance? And why
frould you Court a Quality that gives you fo
smch trouble ? As for Affability,- I prefume it
yes in giving People to know our readynefs to
ferve em, by Careffes and other outward Marks ;
ks when you fay every turn, Sir, tm your humble
Servant , you may diffofe of me as you f leafs. Now,
let's but confider to what purpofe all thefe Words'
are fpoke ,• for what end muft we lie upon all
occaiions, and fpeak otherwifb than we think?
Had not you better fpeak after this fafcion i Ho !
art thou there, thourt welcome, for I honour ther ? Is
not it an ugly fhow, to bend one's Body hatt a
fcore times, to' lower one's hand to the grcuna,
and to fay everv moment, I ask your Far Jon ? Be-
K k 4 it

|| i Some New Voyages

k known to thee, my dear Brother, that this
Submiffion alone would be enough to unhinge
me quite, as to your way of living. You've
afferted that a Huron may eafily turn French • but
believe me3 he'll meet with other difficulties ia
the way of his Converfion than thofe you fpeak
of. For fuppofing I were to turn French out of
hand3 I muft begin with a comply ance to Chri-
ftianity, which is a Point that you and I talk'd
enough of three days ago. In order to the fame
end, I muft get my felf Shav'd every three days,
for in ^ all appearance I fhould no fooner profeis
Gallicifm,, than I ihould become rough and hairy
like a Beaft : And this inconvenience fhocks me
e^treamly : Sure 'tis much better to be Beardlefs
and Hairlefs ; and I'm equally fure you never
faw a rough Savage. How dye think it would
agree with me to fpend two hours in Dreffing or
Shifting my felf, to put on a Blue Sute and Red
Stqckins, with a Black Hat and a White Feather,
befides colpur'd Ribbands ? Such Rigging would
make me look u|>on my felf as a Fool. How
could I condefcepd to Sing in the Streets, to
Dance before. «. Looking- Giafs, to tofs my Wigg
fhraetimes before and fometimes behind me ? I
■ cpu Id not ftoop fo as to make my Honours, and
i before a parcel of Sawcy Fools, that
to no other Merit than that of their
mine. Dye think that I could fee
languifli and pine away, without
1 1 had ? How could I wear a Sword
■■at attacking a Company .of Profligate Men
who throw into the Gaily s an infinity of poor
Strangers, (*) that never
injur'd any Body, and are
carried, in a woful Condi-
tion, out of their Native
Country, to Curfe in the

trim

ar.fe intkje<

h an
t e In cii

giving 'em

!^frift££j Tripolins,.
Moors, T:it:{s>&c. who &ys
taken \ .■!./■ \it$rrmf<\

an* and ati fe$b to Afir-

to North- America.

53

midft of their Chains, their Fathers and Mothers,
their Birth, and even the Great Spirit. Thus
'tis that the Iroquefe languish, who were fent to
France fome two years ago. Can you imagine
that I would fpeak ill of my Friends,, carefs my
Enemies, contemn the Miferable, honour the
Wicked, and enter into Dealings with 'em ,♦ that
I would triumph o'er my Neighbour's Misfor-
tunes, and praife a naughty Man ,• that I would
ad the part of the Envious, the Traitours, the
Flatterers^ the Inconftant, the Liars, the Proud,
the Avaricious, the Selfifh, the Taletellers, and
all your double Minded Folks? D'ye think it
poffible for me to be fo indifcreet as to boaft at
once of what I have done, and what I have not
done ; to be fo mean as to crawl like an Adder
at the feet of a Lord, that orders his Servants to
deny him,- and to take a Refufal tamely ? No,
my dear Brother, no ,• I can't brook the
Character of a French Man ,• I had rather conti-
nue what I am than pafs my Life in thefe Chains,
Is it poffible that our Liberty do's not Charm
you ? Can you iive an eafier life than what you
may have in our way ? When thou comeft to vi-
I lit me in my Hutt, do not my Wife and my
Daughters withdraw and leave thee alone with
me, that our Gonverfation may fuffer no Inter-
ruption ? In like manner, when thou mean'ft to
pay a Vifit to my Wife or my Daughters, are not
thou left alone with the party that thou comeft
to See? Are not y op welcome to Command any
Hutt in the Village, and to call for ,any thing of
Eatables that you like beft ? Did ever a Huron re-
fufe another, either the whole or part of what
he had catch'd at Hunting or FiHiing ?■ Do not
we make dividends of our Beaver-Skins, in order
to fupply thofe who have not enough to purchafe
fuch Commodities as they have occafion for?

Do

1 J 4 Some New Voyages

Do not we obferve the fame Method in the di-
ftribution of our Corn, to fuch as have not fuffi-
ctent Crops upon theirFields for the maintenance
of their Families ? If any one of us have a mind
to Build a Canow or a Hurt, we all fend our
Slaves to forward the Work, without being ask'd.
This is a quite different way of living from that
of the Europeans, who would Sue their neareff
Relations for an Ox or a Horfe. If the European
Father asks Mony of his Son, or the Son of the
Father, he replys he has none. If of two French
Men who have liv'd twenty years together, and
eat and drink at one Table every day ; if of thefe
two French Men, I fay, one fhould ask the other
for Mony, the anfwer is, there's none to be had.
If a poor Wretch that goes naked in the Streets,
and is ready to dye with Hunger and Hardships:
does but ask a rich Man for a Farthing,his anfwer
is, -Tts net for him. Now fince all this is true,
how can you have the preemption to claim a
free accefs to the Country of the Great Spirit ?
Sure, there's not a Man upon Earth that does
not know, that Evil is contrary to Nature, and
that he was not Created to do Mifchief. What
hopes then can a Chriftian have at his Death,
that never did a good Adion in his Life time.
He either muft believe that the Soul dies with
the Body ( tho' there's none of ycu that owns
that Opinion) or elfe fuppofing the Immortality
of the Soul, and fuppofing your Tenents of
Hell, and ot the Sins that wait Sinners to that
Region, to, be juft and true, your Souls will have
a hot time of it.

Lahcntan. D ye hear, jidario ? I find 'tis need-
lefs for us to Reafon longer upon thefe Heads ;
for ail the Arguments you offer have nothing of
Solullry in 'em. I have told thee a hundred

times, that the inftance of a handful of

wicked-
Men

-

to Nofrf^America. 155

Men concludes nothing upon the whole : You
fancy that every European has his particular Vice,
whether known or unknown j and I may preach
the contrary to you till to Morrow Morning and
not Convince you when I have done. You
make no difference between a Scoundrel and a
Man of Honour ,• and fo I may talk to you tm
Years together and not unhinge you of the bad
ppinion you have of our Religion, our Laws,
and our Cuftoms. I would give a hundred Bea~
yer Skins that you could Read and Write like a
frenchman. Had you that Qualification; you
would not fo ftiamefully contemn the happy
Condition of the Europeans. We have had in
France fome Ch'mefe and Siamefe who came from
the remoteft parts of the World, and were in
every refped more averfe to our Cuftoms than
the Hurons, and yet could not but admire our
way of Living, ^or my part, I proteft I can't;
conceive the ground of your Obftinacy.

Adario, All thefe People have as crooked
]Minds as they have deform'd Bodies, I have
feen feme of the Ambaffadors from the Nations
you fpeak of, and the Jefuits at faris gave me
fome account of their Country. They obferve
a divifion of Property as well as the French ; and
forafmuch as they are more bruitilh and more
wedded to their . Intereft than the French , , we
muft not think it ftrange that they appro v'd of
the Cuftoms and Manners of a People who trea-
ted 'era with all the meafures of Frendftiip, and
made 'em Prefents. You muft not think that the
Huron* will take their Meafures from them. You
ought not to take Exceptions at anything that
I have prov'd ,• for I do not defpife the Europe-
tho indeed I can't but pity cm. You lay

fins.

well In alledging that I place no difference be-_
tween a Rogue and what you call a Man oi

Honour,

ite

k 156 Some New Voyages

Honour. My Apprehenfion indeed is flat fa
nough; but for a long time I have Convert
with the French on purpofe to know what they
mean by their Man of Honour. To be fure the
Word can't be apply 'd to a Huron, who is %
Stranger to Silver, fince a moneylefs Man is n%
Man of Honour in your way. 'Twere an eafif:
matter' to make my Slave a Man of Honour, by^
carrying him to Paris, and furnifoing him with $
hundred Packs of Beaver Skins, to anfwer the
charge of a Coach and ten or twelve Footmen.
As foon as he appears in an Embroider'd Suit
with fuch a Retinue, he'l be Saluted by every
one, and Introduc'd to the greateft Treats, and
the higheft Company : And if he does but re^i
gale the Gentlemen, and make Prefents to the
Ladies, he paffes in courfe for a Man of Senfe
and Merit : He'l be call'd the King of the Ha-
rem y and every one will give out , that his
Country is full of Gold Mines, that himfelf i*
the molt Puiffant Prince in America, that he is
a Man of Senfe and talks moil agreeably in/
Company ,• that he is redoubted by all his*
Neighbours,- in fine, he'l be fuch a Man of Ho-,
nour as moft of your French Footmen come to,
be after they have made &ift, by infamous and
oeteftable means, to pick up as much Money as
'will fetch that pompous Equipage. Ha ! my
dear Brother, if I could but read, I could find
cut a great many fine things that now I do not
>F- You fttouldnot then get off for hearing
mention the few Diforders that I obferv'd
among the Europeans ; for I would then mufter ;
you up 3 great many more, whether inWholefale
or Retail. I do not believe that there's any one
Vocation or Rank of Men that would not be
found liable to juft Cenfure, if examin'd by one
i can Read and Write. And in my Opinion

'twere

to No7t/;~America.

M7

^were better for the French that they were Stran-
rers to Reading and Writing : Every Day gives
is frefh Inftances of an infinity of Difputes a-
nong the Coureurs de Bois upon the account of
'Writings, which tend to nothing but Litigiouf-
iefs and Law Suit?. One bit of Paper is enough
o ruin a whole Family. With a flip of a Let-
er a Woman betrays her Husband, and con-
xrts ways to have her turn ferv'd ; a Mother
His her Daughter, and a Forger of Writings
:heats whom he pleafes. In your Books which
ire publifh'd every Day, you write Lies and imv
pertinent Stories ; and yet you would fain have
rae to Read and Write like the French. No, my
clear Brother, I had rather live without Know-
ledge, than to Read and Write fueh things as
the Hurons abhor. We can do all our Bufinefs
with reference to our Hunting and our Military
Adventures, by the help of our Hieroglyphicks,
You know very well that the Chara&ers which
we draw upon the peel'd Trees in our Paflages,
comprehend all the Particulars of a Hunting or
Warlike Expedition, and that all who fee thefe
Marks know what they fignifie. Now, pray,
what occafion ha^e we for more ? The Com-
munion of Goods among the Hurons fuperfedes
the ufe of Writing. We have no Polls nor no
Horfes in our Forrefts for Couriers to ride upon
to Quebec. We make Peace and War without
Writing, and employ only Ambaffadors that car-
ry the Faith and Promife of die Nation, Our
Boundaries are adjufted without Writing : And
as for the Sciences that you ft'udy, they would
be of no ufe to us ,• for, to inftance in Geogra-
phy, we have no mind to puzzle our Brains in
the reading of Books of Voyages that contra*
did one another j and are not in the humour to
abdicate our Country, which you know we are

fd

.*■/-■■.>

t I.

1 5 3 Same W«p Voyages

fo minutely acquainted with, that the leaft Brook
does not fcape our Calculation. Afironomy would
be equally ufelefs ; for we reckon the Years by
the Moons, and io many Winters ftand for an
equal number of Years. Navigation would be
yet lefs ferviceable, for we have no Ships : And
Fortification can bring us no Advantage, in regard
that a Fort of fingle Paliffadoes is to us a fuffi-
cient guard from the Arrows and the Surprifes of
our Enemies, who are Strangers to Artillery. la
a Word, confidering our way of living, Writing
can do us no good. All that I value in the
whole Circle of your Sciences, is Arithmetkk: |
can't but own that that Science pleafes me infi-
nitely well, tho' at the fame time I am fenfibli
that thofe who are vers'd in it are not free from
great Errors. There is no Trade or Profeffion
among the French that I like, excepting that
which runs in the way of Commerce; that indeed
I look upon as a Lawful Calling, and that which
is moil neceffary for our Welfare. The Mer-
chants are welcome to us ,• fometimes they
bring us good Commodities, and fome of 'em
being Men of Juftice and Probity are fatisfie4
with a moderate Gain : They" run great hazards*
they advance beforehand, they lend, they ftay
for their due ,• in fine, I know many Dealers
that have a« juft and reafonable Soul, and have
oblig'd our Nation very much. But at the fame
time there are others who ad with no other
view than to make an exorbitant Profit upon
Goods that have a good iliew and are worth but
little, particularly Axes, Kettles, Powder, Guns,
&c which we are not qualified to know. This
makes it to appear, that in all the Ranks and;
Degrees of the Fimfeam there's fomething that
ought to be diflik'd. This is a certain truth, that
if a Merchant has not an upright Heart, and a

fufiicienc

to North' America.

59

ufficient ftock of Vertue to withftand the vari-
>us Temptations to which his Bufinefs lays him
>pen, he violates every foot the meafures of Ju-
lice, Equity, Charity, Sincerity, and true Faith,
fcre not they chargeable with flaming Wicked-
fefs, when they give us forry Commodites .in
exchange for our Beaver Skins, which a blind
Man may deal in without being cheated ? I have
ione, my dear Brother, I muft now return to
the Village, where I'll ftay for you to Morrow
after Dinner,

Lahontan. lam come, Adario,. to thy Apart*
bent, to pay my Refpeds to thy Grandfather,
who I hear lies very ill. 'Tis to be fear'd that
tht good old Gentleman may be long affli&ed
With the uneafmefs he now complains of • one
would think that a Man of his Age, who reck-
ons upon Seventy Years, might refrain the
ftiooting of Turtle-Doves. I've obferv'd for a
long time, that your old Folks are always in
Motion and Adion, which is the ready way to
exhauft fpeedily the little Strength- that's left
'em. Til tell thee, Adario, thou muft fend one
fcf thy Slaves for my Surgeon, who underftands
Phyfick well enough; for I'm morally .aifur'd
that he'l give him eaft in a Minute : This Feaver
is fo inconfiderable that it can't reach his Life,
unlefs it reaches to a greater height.

Adario. Thou knoweft very well, my dear
Brother, that I have been a mortal Enemy to
your Phyficians, ever fince I faw ten or twelve
Perfoos die in their Hands, through the tyranny
of their Remedies. My Grandfather that you
take to be Seventy Years old is full Ninety eight.
He Mirry'd'atThirty Years of Age ; my Father
was Marry 5d at Thirty two,' and I am now
Thirty five Years old, 'lis 'true he is of a

ftrong

\6o

Some ISlew Voyages

ftrong Conftitution, and that this Age could not
be attain'd in Europe, where People die earlier.
One of thefe Days I'll ftiew you fourteen or
fifteen old Men that are turn'd of a Hundred,
nay one of 'em a Hundred and twenty four. I
knew another that dy'd fix Years ago at the Age
of a Hundred and forty. As for the reftlefs Life
that that you find fault with in our old Men, I
can allure you on the contrary, that if they lay
loytering upon their Mats in the Huts, and did!
nothing but Eat, Drink and Sleep,, they would'
become heavy and dull and unfit for A&ion j
and for as much as their continual! reft would
hinder the infenfible Tranfpiration, the Hu-
mours then recoyling would rejoin the Bloody
and thus by a natural effed: their Limbs ancf
Kidneys would be fo infeebled and wafted, that
a mortal Phthifick would enfue. This is an Ob-
fervation of long (landing, that proves true in
all the Nations of Canada. The Jugglers are to
be here prefently to try their Skill, and to find
out what Meat or Fifti is requifite for the cure
of this Diftemper. My Slaves are now ready
to go either a Hunting or Fifliing, and if youl
tarry an Hour or two with me, you ftiall fee the
apifh tricks of thefe Mountebanks, whom we
know to be fuch when we are well, and yet
fend for 'em with great impatience when any
dangerous Diftemper feizes us.

Lahontan. You muft confider, my dear Adarloy
that in fuch cafes our Mind is fick as well as the
Body. We in Europe do the fame thing by our
Phyficians. When a Man enjoys his Health he
hates and avoids the Phyficians ,• but when he
apprehends himfelf out of order, notwithftand-
ing that he knows the uncertainty of their Art,
he calls a Confultation of a Dozen : Some who
have no other Illnefs than what Fancy fuggefts,

do

to Nbr^-America.

i6t

) melt down their Bodies by fuch Remedies as
ould kill a Horfe. I own, indeed, that you
ive no iuch Fools among you ,• but to
ike the Parallel even, you take no care of
>ur Health ,• for you run at the Hunting ftark
ked from Morning to Night ,• you dance three
four Hours an end till you fweat again, and
s playing at the Ball in a Company of fix or
'en Hundred Perfons on a fide, to tofs it half
League one way or t'other, is an infinite Fa-
ue to your Bodies ,* it infeebles the Parts, dif-
rfes the Spirits, fowers the mafs of Blood and
unours, and breaks the union of their Prin-
zes, At this rate a Man that might otherwife
vq liv'd a Hundred Years is fweep d off at
gHty,

Adario. Suppofing all you fay to be true, what
trifles it for a Man to live fo long, fince Life
i fort of Death after that Age? Perhaps your
afons may bear as to the French, the generality
whom being lazy and flothful, have an aver-
i to all manner of violent Exercifes. They
of the fame temper witji our fuperannuated
-fons-> that live in fuch a ftupid inienfible way$
t they never ftir out of their Huts but when
y take Fire. Our Temperaments and Com-
xions are as widely different from yours as
ght from Day : And that remarkable diffe-
ice that I obferve between the Europeans and
: People of Canada, upon all things in ge-
•al, is to me an Argument that we are not
tended of your pretended Adam. Among
you fharft hear in an Age, of one that is
mch-back'd, or Lame, orDwarfifh, or Deaf^
Dumb, or Blind from their Infancy, and far
i any that is One-ey'd ; for when a one^ey'd
eature comes into the World among us, we
k upon it as a Prefage of the enfuing Cala-
L I tnityg

\6i Some Nw Voyages

mity of the Nation, and have frequently expe-

rienc d the truth of the Prophecy. A one-ey'<

Creature is equally deftitute of Senfe and of ai

upright Heart ; he is Malicious, Goatifti aix

Sloathful to the laft degree ; he is more coward

ly than a Hare, and never goes a Hunting fo

fear of running his one Eye againft the Brand

of a Tree. As for our Difeafes, we know n<

fuch thing as your Dropfies, Afihmas, Talfys, Gou

andP<w. The Lefrofy, theLetbargy , External Sw$l

lings, the SuppreJJion of Urine, the Stone and th

Gravel, are Diftempers that we are not acquain

ted withjto the great Aftonifliment of the Frenci

who are fo liable to 'em. Fevers indeed reig

among us, efpecially upon our return from an

Warlike Expedition, and proceed from our ty

ing in the open Air, our croffing of MarftiS

wading over Rivers, our fading two or thr*

Days at a time, eating cold Vi&uals,d^. Son*

times Thurifies prove mortal to us^ when we he

our felves with running, whether in Military <

Hunting Adventures, and then drink fuch Wy

ter as we are unacquainted with : And Colic

„ attack us now and then upon the fame occafia

We are fubjed to the MeazJcs and the Small-Pt

and that we owe to one of two Reafons. Eith

we eat to much Fifli, that the Blood it produc

is of a different temper from that proceeds

from Meat, and thereupon boils in the Veffi

with greater Violence, and throws out its cha

and coarfe Particles upon the infenfible Poi

of the Skin. Or elfe the bad Air pen'd up

our Villages for want of Windows to our Hu

makes fo much Fire and Smoak, that the d

proportion between the Particles of the confii

Air and thofe of our Blood and Humours, gi^

rife to fuch Infirmities. Now thefe are the of

Diftempers that vifit us.

Lahonti

to -2&rt^ America. 16$

■ Lahmtan. This, my dear Adario, is the fir ft
ime I have heard thee reafon juftly fince th§
Commencement of our Conferences, I ac-
knowledge , you are exempted from aft infi-
my of Evils fthat lie heavy upon us, and the
eafon of this Happinefs may be gather'd from
vhat you offer'd t'other Day, namely, That the
-.efofe of ones Mind is the great eft Ingredient of
Wealth. The Hurons being confined to the bare
knowledge of Hunting, do not fatigue their
Spirits, and impair their Healths, in the purfuit
it an infinity of fine Sciences, in watching un«
bafonably, breaking their reft and toiling hard
it the ftudious Anvil. With us, a Man bred to
he Sword makes it his bufinefs to read and know
he Hiftory of the Wars that have happened iii
he World, and to make himfelf acquainted
vith the Art of Fortifying, Attacking and De-
ending Places : This ingroffes his whole time,
vhich after all is too little to procure him the
Vccompli/hments he defires. A Man that takes
o the Church plyes the Study of Theology Night
md Day, for the good and intereft of Religion j
ie writes Books to inftru<ft People in the con-
cerns of their Salvation, and Dedicating to God
fee Hours, the Days, the Months, and the
ST ears of his Life, receives after this Life an E-
rernal Inheritance by way of Recompence. Our
fudges apply themfelves to the knowledge of the
Laws Night and Day, they examin Bills and
Proceffes ,- they give continual Audience to
an infinity of Plaintiffs that teaze 'em without
Intermiffion ; in fine they can fcarce fpare lei-
fure to Eat or Drink. Our Phyficians purfue
the Science of rendring Men Immortal, they
run about from Patient to Patient^ from Holpi-
tal to Hofpital, in order to learn the Nature and
the Caufe of different Diftempers ; They rack
Liz their

Voyages

their Brains in unlocking the Qualities of Drug i
Herbs and Simples, by athoufand uncommor
and curious Experiments. The Cofmografhers anc
Aftronomers bend all their thoughts upon the dif
covery of the Figure, Magnitude and Com po-
rtion of Heaven and Earth. The former car
trace the leaft Star in the Firmament, they mea-
fure its courfe, its diftance from the Ecliptick
its afcenfion and declination : The latter knOM
how to diftinguilli Climates, and the variou
Pofitions of the Globe of the Earth ; they an
acquainted with the Seas, Lakes, Rivers, Ifle
Gulfs ,• they compute the diftances of one Coun
try from another,- and in fine, all the Nation
oi the World are known to them,as well as thei
Religions, their Laws, their Languages, thei
Cuftoms, and their various Forms of Govern
ment. To wind up all into one Word, all th<
Profeffors of Sciences are very fenfible that the]
purfue their Studies with too much Application
and thereby murder their Health. For the ani
mal Spirits are not ftrain'd out in the Brain, bu
in proportion to the fupplies of fine Blood tha
it receives from the Heart,* and the Heart bein,
a Mufcle can't fquirt out the Blood into all th
parts of the Body without the Influence of th
animal Spirits. Now, when the Soul is Seren<
and all Tranquility as thine is, the Brain fup
plies all the parts of the Body with as much a
they have occafion for in order to perform th
Offices allotted 'em by Nature : Whereas in th
cafe of a profound Application to Sciences, th
Soul being tofs'd and perplex'd with a croud c
Thoughts, the Spirits are much exhaufted an
difpers'd, both by long watchings and by th
racking of the Imagination. In this cafe a!
the Spirits that the Brain can form are fcarce fui
fieient to recruit the parts employ 'd by the Sou

i

-

to North-America.

*6f

i the precipitant Motions it calls for; and there
Hng but a fmail Stock of Spirits in the Nerves,
hich convey 'em to the parts that minifter to
ie Digeftion of what we eat, their Fibres have
languid drooping motion : And thus it comes
I pafs that the Adions of the Body are lamely
jrform'd, the Digeftion is imperfed, the Serum
es off from the Blood., and by falling upon the
ead, the Limbs, the Nerves, che Breaft and o-
er parts, gives rife to -the Dropfy, Gout, and
ilfy ,- and to all the other Difeafes you took no-
re of but now.

Adario. At that rate, my dear Brother, it' muft
: only the Learned Men that fall into fuch Dif-
ders i And upon that foot, I hope you'll own
at one had better be a Huron than a Science-
mter, confidering that Health is the moft valu-
le of all good things. But at the fame time,
know very well that thefe Diftempers have no
fped of Perfons, but fall upon the Ignorant as
ill as thofe of a greater Chara&er. Not that I
hy what thou 'fay eft, fori am fully convinc'd
at Brain-Work infeebles the Body extreamly $
d I have often wonder'd how your Conftttuti-
I comes to be fo ftrong, as to keep upagaiaft
e violent Shocks of Difcontent and Fret, that
>u feel when things go crcfs with you. I have
P fome French Men tear their Hair, others cry
d weep bitterly like Women Burningat a Stake,
hers again abftain from eating or drinking for
6 days , and fuffer fuch violent Sallies of
ffion as to dalh every thing in pieces that came
their way : And when all came to all, their
Jalth did not appear to be affe<5ied. Queftion-
5, their Nature muft.be different from ours ;
• there's never a Huron in the World that would
1 die in a days time uponincountring the hun-
sdth part or fuch Tranfports, Ay, moft cer~
L 1 5 tainly^

1 66 Some New Voyages

fcainly, you are of a different Mould from us

for your Wines, your Brandy, and your Spice*

make us Sick unto death ,• whereas you can't liv

forfooth without fuch Drugs : Befides,your Bloo

Is Salt and ours is not ; you have got Beards, an

we have none. Nay farther ; I have obferv'

that before you pafs the Age of thirty five or foi

ty, you are Stronger and more Robuft than we

for we can't carry fuch heavy Loads as you d

till that Age ; but after that your Strength dwir

dies and vifibly declines, whereas ours keeps t

its wonted pitch till we count fifty five or fm

years of Age. This is a truth that our your.

Women can vouch for. They tell you that whe

a young French-man obliges 5em fix times a nigh

a young Huron do's not rife to above half ti

number ; and with the fame Breath they declar

that the French are older in that Trade at thirl

five, than the Burons are at fifty years of Ag

This intelligence given in by our good Girle

who are better pleas'd with your young Mei

over-doing, than with the Moderation of o

Youths ,• This intelligence^ fay, led me to thfo

that your Gout, Dropfy, Phthifick, Palfy, Stofl

^nd Gravel, and the other Dittempers abo^

mention'd, are certainly occafion'd, not only 1

the immoderatenefs of thefe Pleafures,but by tl

unfeafonablenefs of the time, and the inconve*

ency of the way in which you purfue 'em ,• f

when you have but juft done eating, or are net

!y come off a fatiguing bout, you lie with yoi

Women as often as ever you can,, and that eith

upon Chairs, or in a Standing Pofture, witho

considering the Damage that accrues from fu<

indifcretion : Witnefs the common practice

thefe young Sparks in the Village of Doffenr

who make their Table ferve for a Bed. For t

purpofe ,• you are fubjed to two Difeafesmoi

th

-

to North'Ammcz.

167

iat we are free from. The firft is that call'd by
ie Illinefe, the hot Difiemper, for that People are
able to it as well as thofe who live upon the
iijfifipi. This Malady goes by the Name of the
enereal Difiemper in your Country. The other
that you call the Scurvy, which we Style, the
id evil, with regard to the Symptoms and Gau-
s of that Diftemper, that we have obfervd
ace the Arrival of the French in Canada. You
& therefore that you are liable to a great many
>ifeafes, and thole fuch as are not eafily Cur'd.
iftead of retrieving your Health, your Phyfici-
is murder you, by exhibiting Remedies calcu-
ted for their own Intereft, which fpin out the
>iftemper and kill you at laft. A Phyfician
rould be ftill Poor if he cur'd his Patients fpee-
ily. The men of that Profeffion are cautious
f approving of our way of Sweating ,• for they
now the confequence of it too well, and when
leir Advice is ask'd upon the matter, their An-
ver is to this purpofe. None but fools are capable
c imitating fools ; the Savages have not the name of
avagesfor nothing • and their Remedies are as Sa-
wge as themselves. % If 'tis true that after Sweatings
hey throw themselves into cold Water or into Snow3
nthout prefent death ; their good luck is owing to the
\ir of the Climate, and to their way of Feeding,
vhich differs from ours. But not wit hjl an ding this fa-
vourable Circumfiance, fuch and fuch a Savage, that
nuld otherwife have outlivd a hundred years of age9
»a$ cut off at eighty by the ufe of that terrible Remedy.
►uch is the Language of your Phyficians, by
yhich they mean to fcare the Europeans from the
tfe of our Remedies : Tho' at the fame time,
is certain that if you had a mind to Sweat after
Mir way now and then, you might do it with
he greateft eafe and fafety in the World, and by
hat means all the evil Humours ingendred in
L 1 4 your

1-68 Some New Voyages

your Blood by your Wine, your Spices, you
intemperate Venery, your Unfeafonable Watch
ing and your other Fatigues, would be evacua
ted by the? Pores of the Skin. Were this Me
thod follow'd, you might bid an eternal Adieu t
Fhyfick, and all its Poifonous Ingredients. Thii
my dear Brother, is as manifeft as the Sun- Shine
tho' 'twill not go down with the Ignorant, wh
talk of nothing but Pleurifies and Rheuinatifm<
as the Confequents of this Cure, 'Tis ftrange
methinks, they will not give Ear to the Anfwe
we make to the Obje&ion Started by your Phy
ficians againft our way of Sweating. 'Tis a;
iindifputed Truth that Nature is a good kin.
Mother, which defires to eternife our Lives
and yet we plague and torment her fo violently
that fometimes Die's brought to a low and wea
condition, and is fcarce able to Succour us. Ou
Debauches and Fatigues create deprav'd Hu
jjiours, which Nature would throw out of th
Body, if She had but Strength enough to opei
the Gates, viz,, the Pores of the Skin. 'Tistru
foe expells as much as fte can, by Urine an.
Stool , ^ by the Mouth , Nofe, and infenfibl
Tranfpiration : But fometimes* the quantity c
the Serofities is fo over-bearing that they over
flow all the parts of the Body between the Skh
and the Flefli : And in that cafe 'tis our bufinei
to procure their egrefs the fpeedyeft and fliortel
way, for fear their longer flay fKouid give rife t<
this Gout, Rheumatifm, Dropfy, Palfy, and al
the other Diftempers that fink a healthy State
Now, to compafs this end, we muft unlock thi
Pores by the means of Sweating ,• and witha
take care to (hut 'em foon after, left the nutritiv<
juice fliould glide out by the fame paflage ,• whicl
can be no otherwife prevented than by throw
ing our felves into coid Water, as we ufually do

to Nor th~ America.

\6p

'Tis the fame cafe as if Wolves were got into
your Sheep Folds ,• for then you would open the
Doors that the mifchievous Animals might turn
ouc ,• but a'ter they're once out of Doors, you
would not fail to ftiut 'em again for fear your
Sheep ihould run after 'em. I own indeed that
your Phyficians fay well, when they plead thata
Man who has over-heated himfelf by Hunting or
any violent Exercife, indangershis Life by throw-
ing himfelf immediately into cold Water. That
I take to be an uncontefted truth ,• for the Blood
which in that Cafe is agitated and boils as it were
in the Veins, would certainly congeal ,• juft as
boiling Water congeals fooner than cold Water,
when expos'd to the Froft or put into a cold
Fountain. This is the Sum of my Thoughts up-
on that Head. As to what remains, I grant we
are liable to Difeafes, that equally invade both
us and the French - namely, the Small-Pox, Fe-
vers, Pieurifies, and fometimes to what you call
the Hypochondriac Illnefs : For we have fome
Fools imong us who fancy they are poffefs'd by a
little Manltou or Spirit of the bignefs of one's Fiftj
which in our Language we call Aoutaerohi ; and
affirm that this Spirit is lodg'd in their Body, and
particularly in a certain Member that ails never
lb little. This imaginary Diftemper proceeds
from their Simplicity and weaknefs of Mind :
For in fhort, we are not without ignorant feoliih
Fellows among us, no more than you. You
may fee every day fome Hurons, above fifty years
of Age, who have lefs Senfeand Difcretion than
a young Girl ,• fome who are as Superftitious as
your felyes, in believing that the Spirit of Dreams
is theAmbaffadour andMeffenger whom theGreat
Spirit imploys to acquaint Men with their Duty. '
As for our Jugglers, they are Mountebanks and
Cheats of the fame form with your Phyficians ;

only

i yo Some TSlew Voyages

only they content themfelves with the having of
good Chear at their Patient's coft, without fend-
ing 'em to the other World in acknowledgment
of their Feafts and Prefencs.

Lahontan. My deareft Adario, I honour thee be-
yond all expreffion, for now thou argueit juftly.
You never fpoke more to the purpofe in your
life time. Every word you have faid of Sweat-
ing is absolutely true • and I know it to be fo by
experience, infomuch that while I live, I will
never ufe any other Remedy than your way of
Sweating. But at the fame time, I would not
have you run down Bleeding, fo much as you did
t'other day, when you endeavour'd by a multi-
plicity of Arguments to make out the neceffity
oi living our Blood, as being the Treafure of
Life. I do not difpute its being the Treafure of
Life j but I muft needs fay that your Remedies
againft Pleurefies and Inflamations, take effed
oniy by chance, for out of twenty Sick People
commonly fifteen die ,• whereas Bleeding in fuch
a cafe might Cure 'em all. I own that this me-
thod of Cure Ihortens their lives, and that a man
that has Bled often can't hold out fo long as ano-
ther that has done it but feldom ,♦ but a Man ly-
ing on a Sick Bed, wants to be cur'd at any rate,
and thinks of nothing elfe but the prefent re-
covery of his Health ,• tho'it Ihould coft him the
Subftra&ion of fome years from his life, together
with the lofs of his Blood. In fine, all the Re-
marks I have made on the Subjed in hand, cen-
ter in this • that the People of Canada have a
better Complexion than the Europeans, that they
are more Indefatigable and Robuft, more inur'd
to Watching, Fafting and other hardfhips,morein-
fenfible of Cold and Heat,- infomuch that they are
not only exempted from the Paffions that tumble
and difturb our Souls, but likewife flielter'd from
the Infirmities that we groan under. You are

poor

-

to North- America,

171

poor and miferable, but at the fame time you
have the benefit of perfeft health : But we who
enjoy the Conveniences of Life and the Inftru-
ments of Eafe, are fore d either thro' Complai-
sance or by the occafional Adventures of life, to
Murder our felves by an infinity of Debauches,
to which you are never exposed.

Adario. My Brother, I come to Vifit thee, and
am accompany'd by my Daughter, who is about
to Marry, againft my Will, a young Man that's
as good a Warriour as he's a forry Huntfman.
She has a mind to't ,• and that is enough in our
Country : But 'tis not fo in France, where the
Parents muft confent to the Marrying of their
Children. I am, oblig'd to comply with my
Daughter's demands : For if I pretend to Marry
her again, ftie d quickly return upon me ,• What
do you think Father ! Am I your Slave ? Shall not I
enjoy my Liberty ? Muli 1 for your fancy, Marry a
Man I do not care for ? How can I endure a Husband
that buys my Corp of my Father, and what value (hall
"I have for fuch a Father as makes Brokerage of his
Daughter to a Brute ? And how can I have an affecti-
on for the Children of a Man I cannot love? If I jhould
Marry him in obedience to you, and go from him in fif-
teen days time, as the Triviledges and natural Liber -
ties of the Nation would allow * you 11 tell me 'tis not
well done ; and'twould trouble you, all the World would
laugh at it, and perhaps I might prove with Child,
Thus, dear Brother, would my Girl anfwer me,
and it may be a great deal worfe, as it happened
fome years ago to one of our old Men, who pre-
tended to Marry his Daughter to a Man fhe did
not love, for in my Prefence fhe faid a great ma-
ny harih things by way of Reproach : Infinuating
that a Man of Spirit ought not to expofe himfelf,
In offering to advife a Perfon from whom he may

receive

..;..-,

i/i Some New Voyages

receive fuch affronts ,• neither ought he to re-
quire fuch refpe&s from his Children as he know*
to be ineradicable. She added then, 'twas true
fin was hfs Daughter, and he might be fatisfied, He got
her upon a Woman he loved as much as jhe hated the
Hmband her Father had provided for her. Youmuft
know, we never have a Marriage contraded be-
tween Relations, let the degree be never fo re-
mote. Our Women never Marry again after
they're forty years of Age, becaufe the Chil-
dren they have after that Age are generally of a
weakly Conftitution. Not that they are the more
Continent for this : On the contrary, you'll find
them more paffionately inclin'd than a Girl of
twenty. And us for this reafon that they enter-
tain the French fo kindly,- nay,and fometimes give
themfelves the trouble to follow them. However
you know that our Women are not fo Fruitful as
the French, t\\o they admit of more frequent Em-
braces j which to me is very ftrange, for 'tis quite
contrary to what might be expected.

Lahontan. 'Tis for the fame reafon, my poor
Adario, that they Conceive not fo eafily as ours.
If they did not indulge themfelves too much in
the frequency of Embraces, and receive 'em with
an over-bearing Keennefs, the Matter calcula-
ted for the produdion of Children, would have
time to affume the neceffary qualities for the bu-
finefs of Generation. It's the fame cafe with a
Fieid that is Sowed continually without being
fuffered to ly Fallow, for at laft it will produce
nothing ( as Experience plainly fliews ,• ) on the
other fide, if you forbear the Ground, the Earth
regains its force, the Serene Air, the Rain and
the Sun give it a new Sap, which makes the Seed
to Sprout. But prithee, my dear Friend, fuffer
me to ask thee one Queftion. What is the rea-
fon that the Women- Savages, being fo rarely

Fruit-

to North-America.

m

Fruitful, have the Increafe of their Nation fo lit-
tle in view, that a Woman fliall make her felf
Mifcarry when the Father of the Child dies, or
is kilfd, before flie is brought to Bed ? You'll tell
me, ftie do's it to fave her Reputation ,• becaufe,
without that Precaution fhe would never have
another Husband. But it would feem the Inte-
reft of the Nation,, which lies in its Increafe and
Multiplication, is but little regarded by your
Women. Now, it is not fo with ours, for, as
you faid t'other day, our Coureurs de Bok
and many others, find very often new Children
in their Houfes, at their return from their Jour-
neys : But they are not much diffatisfied, upon
the confideration, that this adds fo many Bodys
for the Nation, and fo many Souls for Heaven :
Tho' after all, their Women undergo as much
difgrace upon fuch cccafions as yours do, and
fometimes are Imprifoned for Life, while yours
are allow'd to entertain as many Gallants as they
pleafe afterwards. 'Tis a moft abominable piece
of Cruelty for a Woman to make away with her
Child : A Crime which the Author of Life will
never pardon : And this is one of the greateft
Abufes to be reformed among you. You ought
to difcountenance Nakednefs too ,• for the liber-
ty which your Boys have of going Naked, makes
a terrible Hurricane in the Minds of your young
Girls ,• as they are not made of Brafs, fo the view
of tho^e parts, which decency forbids me to name,
can't but call up the Amorous Fire, efpecially
when the young Wantons ftew that Nature is
neither dead nor untrue to the Adventures of
Love.

Mario. I take it, you account for the Barren-
nefs of our Women admirably ,• for I perceive
how that may come to pafs : And as for the Cri-
minal Pradice of our young Women in taking

Potions

!74 Some New Voyages

Potions to make themfelves Mifcarry * I fin^
your Reflexions upon it are very juft. But what
you fay of Nakednefs do's not ftand to Reafon,
I allow that in a Nation where diftin&ions of
Property are acknowledged, you are very much
in the right of it, to cover not only fuch parts as
ought not to be nam'd, but even all the parts of
the Body. What ufe would the French make
of their Gold and their Silver , if they did
not imploy it in providing themfelves with
fine Cloaths ? Since in your Country Men
are valued according to their Drefs, is it not a
great advantage to be able to cover any Defe&in
Nature with a handfome Habit ? In earneft, Na-
kednefs ought not to offend any but fuch as at*
low Property. A deform' d or decrepit Man a-
inong you has found the Secret of appearing
Handfome or well Drefs'd, in a Beau Perriwig
and fine Cloaths ; under which 'tis impoffible to
diftinguifh Artificial Shapes from fuch as are Na-
tural. Befides, 'twould be a great inconvenienr
cy fot the Europeans to go Naked ; for thofe who
are well provided would then find fo much Im-
ployment, and earn fo much Mony for good Serr
vices, that they would not dream of Marrying
as long as they liv'd ,• not to mention that the
promifing Afpeft would tempt the Married Wo-
men to violate their Conjugal Vows. Now,
thefe reafohs can have no place among us, where
every thing muft fit, whether great or little, for
the young Women taking a view of the Naked
parts, make their choice by the Eye : And for
as much as Nature has obferv'd the meafures of
Proportion in both Sexes, any Woman may be
well aflur'd what flie has to exped from a Hus-
band. Our Women are as Fickle as yours, and

for

to Norfp-Amenca.

'ry

For that reafon the moft defpicable Man here
never defpairs of having a Wife ,• for as every-
thing appears naked and open to fight, fo every
Girl choofes according to her Fancy, without
regarding the meafures of Proportion. Some
love a well fhaped Man let a certain matter a~
bout him be never fo little, Others make choice
of an ill fhap'd forry like Fellow, by reafon of
the goodly fize of I know not what ,• and ethers
again pick out a Man of Spirit and Vigour tho'
be be neither well fhap'd nor well provided in
namelefs Quarter.

; This, my dear Brother, is all the Anfwer I
Jjave to give to your Charge upon the fcore of
Nudity ,• which you know lies only againft the
Youths,- for our married Men and Widows cover
themfelves both before and behind with a great
deal of Nicety. And, befides, to make fome^
Compenfation for the Nudity 6f our Boys, our
Qirls are Modeller than yours, for they expofe
nothing to open view but the Calf of their Leg,
whereas yours lay their Breafts open in fuch a
Faftiion that our young Men run their Nofes in-
to 'em when they bargain about the Beaver
Skins with your handfom She-merchants. Is not
this a Grievance among the French that wants to
be Redrefs'd ? For I have it from very good
Hands, that fcarce any French Woman can refift
the temptation of an objed that's mov'd by her
naked Breafts. A due reformation of this inde-
cent Cuftom would be a means to preferve their
Husbands from the Chimerical Diftemper of
Horns, which you plant upon their Foreheads
without ever touching or feeing them, and that
by a Miracle I can't fathom : For if I plant an
Apple-tree in aGarden it does not grow upon the
top of a Rock ,• and in like manner one would
think your invifible Horns fliould take root only

in

176

Some lS$w Voyages

in the place where their Seed is fown, and ap-
pear in the Foreheads of the Women, as being
a juft reprefentation of the Husbands and the
Spark's Tools. In fine, this whim of the Horns
is a horrid piece of Indifcrecion ^ for why ftiould
you affront the Husband becaufe his Wife takes
her Pleafure ? If in Marriage a Man marries
a Woman's Vices, then the French way of Mar-
riage is an Oath that runs counter to right Rea-
fon, or elfe a Man muft keep his Wife under
Lock and Key to avoid the difhonour of her
Vices. The Husbands that retain to the horned
Lift muft needs be very numerous,* for I can't
imagine that a Woman can brook the feverity
of an eternal Chain, without having recourfe rot
fome good Friend to foften her Affii&ion. I
ihould pardon the French if they made the Mar-
riage to ftand only upon certain Conditions, that
is upon the Vrovifo that the Woman have Chil-
dren, and that both {he and her Husband keep
their Health, fo as to be able to difcharge the
Marriage Duties as they ought to do. This is
all the Regulation that can be made in a

Nation that ftands to Meum and Tuum.~

You Chrifiians have another impertinent Guftom,
which I can't but take notice oL Your Men,
glory in the Debauching of Women , as if
yielding to the Temptations of Love were not
equally Criminal in either Sex. Your young
Sparks ufe their utmoft Efforts to tempt the
Maids and married Women ,• they fet all means
at work to compafs their end ; and when Matters
of their Wifhes talk publickly of the Adventure^,
upon which every body Cenfures the Lady, and
cries up the Cavalier, whereas the former meritsfa
Pardon, and the lacter deferves to be Punifii'd.
How dye think your Women iliould be Faithful
to you, if you are Faithlefs to them ? If the

married

to North-hmmc£

*7?

carried Men keep their Cracks, will not thefr
Vives keep Company with other Lovers ? And
: a Husband prefers Gaming and Drinking to
is Wives Company, will not his Wife Solace
er felf in the Company of a Friend ? Would
ou have your Wives to be Wife and Difcreet,
nd like ours, you muft Love 'em as your
ilves, and take care not to fell 'em ,• for I know
Dme Husbands among you , that confent as
lamefully to the Debauching of their Wives,

> fome Mothers do to the Proftituting of theif
Jaughters, and in fuch cafes Neceffity obliges
m to it. From hence it appears, that 'tis a
reat Happinefs for the Hurons that they are not
sduc'd to the practice of fuch mean Aftions,

> Mifery occafions among thofe who are not
mr'd to it. We are at all times neither rich
or poor, and our Happinefs upon this fcore
Des far beyond all your Riches ,• for we are not
we'd to expofe our Wives and Daughters to
de, in order to live upon their Drudgery in the
ray of Love. You'l lay our Wives and Daugh-
srs are foolilh and fimple j and indeed I grant
i£ Allegation, for they can't Write Billet iottt
d their Acquaintances as yours do j nay, if they
ould write they have not the fenfe to fingle out
y the Rules of Phyfiognomy a faithful old Wo-
lan that fhall carry their Love-letters, and ob-
;rve a profound Silence. O ! that curfed Wri-
ing ,• that pernicious Invention of the Europeans
/ho tremble at the fight of their own Chimera' /,
trhich they draw themfelves, by the ranking and
ifpofal of three and twenty fmall Figures, that
re Calculated, not for the Inftru&ion but for
he Perplexing of Men's Minds. According to
rour Notions of things, the Hurons are likewife
boiiih in not minding the lofs of a Maiden*
tead in the Girls they take in Marriage, and in

M m con-

i/8

Some New Voyages

condefcetKling to marry the very Women that

their own Companions have turn'd off: But

prithee tell me3 Brother, are the French the wife]

for fancying that a Girl is a Maid becaufe lh(

cries and fwears 'tis £o ? Nay, fuppofing her tc

be a true Maid, is the Conqueft the greater!

No, fare, on the contrary the Husband is ob-

lig'd to teach her a Trade that fhe'll pradif<

with others at a time when he is not in a condi

tion to continue the daily Exercife. As for ou

marrying Women feparated from former Hus

bands, is not that the fame thing as marrying ;

Widow, with this difference only, that our Wo

men have all reafon to be perfwaded that w<

Love 'em, whereas your Widows have reafon t<

believe that you marry their Riches rather thaj

their Perfons. How many Families are reduc'i

to diforder or Ruin by fuch Marriages with Wi

dows ? But after all you do not pretend to re

drefs fuch diforders, becaufe the evil is incurabl

as long as the Conjugal Tye lafts for Life. One

more, I'll take the liberty to mention anothe

piece of Madnefs pra&is'd among , you, whic

indeed is down right Cruelty to my Mind. You

Marriages are indiffolvable, and yet a Youth an

a Girl that burn in the mutual flames of Lov(

can't marry without the confent of their Parent

Both the one and the other muft marry wh

their Fathers pleafe, in oppofition to their ow

/Inclination, tho' their Averfion to the Perfo

propos'd be fo great , that they hate hi*

mortally. The inequality of Age, Eftate an

Birth is the fource of all thefe Inconveniences

they overrule the mutual Love of the two Pai

ties that like one another. What Cruelt)

What Tyranny ! and that pracftis'd by a Fath(

upon his own Children. Do you meet wit

fuch things among the Huron* i Among thei

ever

to North-Amcrica.

I

79

every one's as Rich and as Noble as his Neigh-
bour j the Women are entitled to the fame Li-
berty with the Men., and the Children enjoy
the fame Privileges with their Fathers. A young
Huron may marry onQ of his Mother's Slaves^
md neither Father nor Mother are impower'd
;o hinder him. This Slave by fo doing becomes
i free Woman ; and fince her Beauty pleafesj
kvhy fliould not the Youth prefer her to the
;reat General's Daughter that is not fo hand-
pie ? To continue the faults of your Con-
iitution : Is it not a piece of Injuftice among
fou. who abhor a community of Goods, that &
Nobleman or Gentleman fhould give his eldeft
ion almoft all that he has, and force the other
brethren and Sifters to reft fatisfied with a Tri-
te, tho' perhaps that eldeft Son is not a Lawful
2hi!d_, and all the reft are ? The Confequence
)f this is., that they throw their Daughters into
>erpetual Prifons, with a fort of Barbarity which
s not fuitable to, the Chriftian Charity that
he Jefuits preach up. As for the other Sons,
hey are forc'd to turn Priefts and Monks,, in
>rder to live by the fine Trade of praying to
3od againft their will, of preaching what they
.0' not pra&ife, and of perfuading others into
he belief of what they disbelieve themfelves.
f any of 'em take up a Military Profeffion,, they
iefign the pillaging the Nation more than the
;uarding off her Enemies. The French do not
ight for the Intereft of their Country as we do j
:is their own Intereft and preferment to higher
>ofts that they have in view. The Love of
heir Country and of their Fellow-Citizens does
lot prevail fo much with them as Vanity $ Am-
otion and Riches. In fine, my dear Brother^
conclude this Difcourfe in affuring thee, Thai
he Chriftians Self-love is a piece of Folly thai
M m % rhi

vr-

i 80 Some New Voyages

the Hurons will ever condemn ,• and that F0II3
which tinctures all your A&ions is remarkable 11
a diftinguiflhing manner in the way of your A
mours and Marriages ,• which, I muft lay, is a
'unaccountable as the People are who fuffe
themfelves to be catch'd in that Noofe.

Lahontan. Mario, you remember I fet fortl
before, that the Anions of Rogues are no Stan
dard for thofe of honourable Men. I own th
Juftnefs of your Cenfure as to fome Adions
which we alfo difallow of. I acknowledge tha
the diftin&ion of Property is the fource of a:
infinity of Paffions, of which you are clear'c
But if you take things by the right handle, efpc
cially our way of making Love and Marrying
the good order of our Families, and the Educs
tion of our Children, you'l find a wonderfi
Gondud in all our Conftitutions. That Libej
ty which the Hurons preach up occafions difm;
Diforders. In their way theChildren areMafters j
well as the Fathers ,• and Wives who ought nati
rally to be fubjedt to their Husbands are invefte
with an equal Authority. The Daughters fcoi
the Advice of their Mothers when there's
Lover in the cafe. In a Word, all this fcene <
Liberty reduces the way of Life to a continw
courfe of Debauchery, by granting to Natur
in Imitation of the Brutes, an unlimited fati
fa&ion to all its Demands, Your fingle Woroc
place their Wifdotn in concerting and concea
ing their lewd Adventure

* i. e. to enter into To run with * a Match :
■* Woman's Apartment your Villages, is the fall

Zi$\$$.Um thing as ftrollfcg after
Whore m curs. All yd
young Men roll from Hut to Hut upon fuch A
ventures while the Night lafts. The Doors
every Girls Chambers are open to all Guef

ax

to North-America.

181

md if a young Man comes that flie does not
ike flie pulls the covering over her Head, the
neaning of which is, that flie is Proof againft his
temptation : But if another comes, perhaps flie '
iiffers him to fit down on the Foot of her Bed,
n order to a dry Conference, without going
irther ,• that is to fay, flie has a mind to make a
stter of this poor Fellow, that flie may have
bveral Strings to herBow.In comes a third,whom
ie jilts with more refined Politicks,and allows to
ye near her upon the Coverings of the Bed.
tut when this Spark is gone, in comes a fourth,
3 whofe Embraces flie readily grants her Bed,
nd her fpreading Arms, for two or three Hours
Dgether ; and tho' he is far from triffling away
be time in empty Words, yet the World takes
: to be fo. Behold, my dear Adario, the Lewd-
lefs of the Hurons, difguis'd with a Pretext of
toneft Converfation, and that fo much the more
hat how indifcreet fo ever any of their Gallants
fiay be to their Miftreffes ( which rarely hap-
pens) the World is fo far from giving Cre-
k to 'em, that they brand 'em with Jealoufie,
tfhich amongft you is a defamatory Affront,
rhis being premis'd, 'tis no wonder that the A-
uricans won't hear any thing of Amours in the
)ay time, upon the Plea that the Night was
nade for that purpofe. In France this way of
ntreguing is term'd Cacher adroitment Son jeu, dex-
eroufly to conceal ones Defigns. If there's any
hing of Wantonnefs and Debauchery amongft our
benches, there is at leaft this difference, that the
tule is not General, as it is amongft yours;
nd beiides they don t go fo brutifhly to work
srith it. The Amours of the European Women
re Charming, they are Conftant and Faithh 1
0 Death, and when they are fo weak as to yield
0 a Lover the laft Favours, they have a greater
M m 3 regard

_

1 8 i Some New Voyages

regard to their inward Merit than to an outward
Apperance ,• and 'tis not the gratifying of their
own Paffion that they have fo much in view, as
the defire of giving their Lovers fenfible Proofs
of their Affe&ion. The French Gallants feek to
pleafe their Mifteffes by Methods that are alto-
gether agreeable , as by Refpe<ft, Attendance,
and Complaifance ,• they are Patient, Paflion-
ate, and always ready to Sacrifice their Lives
and Fortunes for 'ern. They lye fighing a long
time before they dare to attempt any thing, for
they are refolv d to merit the laft Favour by long
Services ; they are {qqii upon their Knees at their
Miftreffes Feet, to beg the priviledge of kiffing
the Hand ,• and as a Dog follows his Mafter,
watching over him when he Sleeps, fo mongft
us, a true Lover ne'er quits his Miftrefs, nor
{huts his Eyes, but that he may dream of her in
his Sleep. If any one is found fo hot upon't as
bluntly to Embrace his Miftrefs upon the very
firit occafion, without any regard to her Weak-
nefsj he paffes with us under the Character of a
Savage, that is to fay, a meer Clown, that begins
where others leave off.

Adario. Ho, ho, my dear Brother • are the
French e're a whit the wifer for calling this fort
of People Savage ? In truth, I did not believe
that Word fignify'd with you, a Prudent think-
ing Man. I'm glad with all my Heart at this
piece of News, not doubting but one Day you
may give the n^me of Savage to all the French,
who wili be wife enough to follow exa&ly the
tiue Rules of Juftice ancj Reafen, Now the
Myttery is unriddled that prompts the cunning
French Women to have fuch a Love for Savage
Creatures ; they're not 10 much to blame for't,
for in my mind, Time is too precious to lofe, and
Youth too fhort not to make the bed of the A.dvan-

to North'America.

,8?

:ages it throws in our Laps. If your Wenches are
3onftant in a continual change of Lovers, that
nay bear fome refemblance to the Humour of
>ur Girls ; but when they faithfully yield them-,
elves to be Carefs'd by three or four at a time,
hat's altogether different from theTemper of the
lurons. May the French Gallants fpend their
avgs in the Fooleries you fpoke of but now, to
;onquer their Miftreffes j may they fpend their
line and their Eftates in purchafing a fmall Plea-
Lire, uflier'd in by a thoufand Troubles and
^ares. I flian't offer to blame them, becaufe I
lave play'd the fool my felf, in running the rif-
|ue of Traverfing, in fuch foolifli Veffels, the
ough Seas that feparate France from this Conti-
lent, to have the pleafure of feeing the Coun-
ry of the French. This obliges me to hold my
>eace,- but reafonable People will fay, That
our Amorous Crew are as foolifli as I, but with
bis difference, that their Love paffes blindly
rom one Miftrefs to another, and expofes
jm to the repetition of the fame Torments ,•
srhereas I fhall never take another Trip from
imerica to France.

M m 4 SOME

( •«* )

A N

APPENDIX,

Containing Some New

VOYAGES

TO

Portugal and Denmark

LETTER I

Dated ac Lisbon, April 20. 165*4.

Gontaing a Defcription of Viana , Porto a
Porto , Aveiro, Coimbra^ Lisbon; together
with a View of the Court of Portugal;
and an Account of the Government,
Laws, Cuftoms, Commerce and Humours
of the Portuguese.

S I R,

I Begin my Letter with that ancient faying ;
Una [aim miiis nuUam fperare falutem ; my
meaning is, that after the receipt of fome
bad News relating to my bufmefs., I find I
have Spirit enough to brave all the Jolts of For*
tune* The Univerfe which Swallows and Jefu-

its

i § 6 Some New Voyages

its take for their Country, muft likewifebe mine ,•
till fuch time as it pleafes God to fend to the o-
ther Worlds fome Perfons that do him very little
Service here.

I am glad my Memoirs of Canada pleafe you,
and that my Savage Style did not turn your Af-
fection : Tho' after all, you have no reafon to
criticife upon my Jargon, for both you and I are
of a Country, where no body can fpeak French
but when they are not able to open their Mouths :
Befides, 'twas not poffible for me who went fo
young to America, to find out in that Country,
the Myftery of Writing Politely. That's a Sci-
ence that is not to be learn d among the Savages,
whofe Clownifh Society is enough to. fafen a
brutiih twang upon the Politeft Man in the
"World. Since you prefs me to continue my Ac-
counts of what new things I meet with, I wil-
lingly comply with your defire ,- but you muft
not expe& thofe nice Defcriptions you fpeak of,
for if I pretended to any fuch thing, I fliould ex-
pofe my felf to the Derifion of thofe to whom
you may fliew my Letters. I am not fufficient-
ly qualify 'd to outdo the curious Remarks that
an infinity of Travellers have publifli'd, 'Tis
enough for me if I furnifh you with fome private
Memoirs of fome things that other Travellers
haveWavYi, as being beneath their regard : And
for as much as thefe Memoirs treat of fuch Sub-
jects as were never yet handled ill Prinf, you
will meet with iome Satisfaction upon tfie fcore
of- their Novelty. With this View, I fball be
very punctual in Writing to you from time to
time, from whatever corner of the World my
Misfortunes may lead me to ,• but upon this con-
dition, that youihail take an exacl care to let me
have your Anfwers. In the mean time, I muft
acquaint you that I can't undertake to Frenchify

the

to Portugal and Denmark. 1 87

he Foreign Names ; and therefore ftiall Write
sm as the People of the Country do, leaving it
o you to pronounce 'em as you pleafe.

You remember I Writ to you about ten Weeks
igo, that upon laying down three hundred Pi*
toles to the Captain of the Ship that brought me
xom Placentia to Viana, I had the good luck to
pt a Shoar there • and fo I fhall refume the thread
:>f my Journal, from that place where I laft took
leave of it. I had no fooner jump'd out of the
Sloop, than a French Gentleman, who has ferv'd
:he King of Portugal thefe four and thirty years
f in the quality of a Captain of .
HorfccameandofFer'dmetheufeof J,*-***
liis Houfe, for in that place there s berg>x timem
no publick Houfes but fuch as are
Calculated for common Seamen. The next day
this old Officer advis'd me to go and wait upon
Don John of Souza, Governour General of the
Province between the Douro and the Minbo. He
acquainted me farther, that every body gave him
the Title of U Excellentia ,• and that he gave the
Title of Senoria only to the Gentlemen of the firft
Rank, and * Merced to all the reft. .

When I heard this, I chofe inftead XlifcS*
of fpeaking Spanijh to him, to make tfmn You#
ufe of an Interpreter, who Meta-
morphos'd all the Tous of my Compliment into
a Portuguefe Excellentia.

Viand lies five Leagues to the Weft ward of Bra-
ga, and is incWd in a Right-Angle made by the
Sea and the River Lima. Here I faw two Mona-
fteries of BenediB'me Nuns, which were fo ill pro-
vided that they would Starve for Hunger, if their
Relations and [j Devoto's did not
affift'em. Upon the Sea Side there
ftands a very good Caftle, Fortified
afterCount 'Pagans way :'Tis covered

II i.e. tkofewfo

have a rejpeff
for the Nuns. .

with

t o 8 Some New Voyages

with feveral large Culverines, which guard off
the Sallymen from Attacking the Veflels that lye
at Anchor in the Road. In this Road, the Ships
are Shelter'd from the fourteen Points of the
Wind, that lye between North and South, in
by Eaft. The River is a havre de barre , or
* Bar-Haven, which no Ship ven-
tures upon without calling out Pi-
lots, by a Signal of a Gun or a Flag
twifted round. The Ships come
all in at High Water, and when the
Tide runs out are left dry, unlefs
they Ride upon the Pit, which has
always eight or tQti Fathom at low
Water.

* i. e. A For*

that a Ship

can't enter hut

at full Sea >

for fear of ton-

ibing theSands

or Flats. Bay-

&nney Bilbao^

Stona> Via*ay

Porto, Ave ir co ,

Mondcgo, and

Lisbon, are all Havres de Barre.

Febr. 4. I hir'd two Mules, one for my felf and
another for my Man, at the rate of three Spanifi
Piafters or Cobs,- and put on fo briskly that I ar-
riv'd that Night at Porto a Porto, which was twelve
Leagues off. Thefe Creatures Amble both faft
and fmoothly, without Stumbling or tyring the
Rider. Your Cavaliers have the conveniency
of refting themfelves when they will upon the
Portmantles which are fatten d to two Iron Rings
at the Pummel of the Saddle. The Saddles of
that Country are too hard for fuch a Lean Man
as me. The Road between Viana and Porto a
Porto is Stony, but pretty good ; the Ground lies
upon a Level, the Profpeit is pleafant, and the
Sea Side is adorn d with feveral large Villages,
the chief of which are ExpofenJe, Faons, and
Villa de Comic. When I arriv'd at Purto, my Guide
carry'd me to an Englijh Inn, the only one thai
was fit to entertain Gentlemen. This City is
cramm'd with French, Engkjhznd Dutch Merchants,

who

to Portugal and Denmark. 1 89

who croud thither upon the account of the Com-
merce ,• tho' the latter have fuffer'd by't fuffici-
ently, fince the beginning of the War, by ver-
tue of the Civility of our Privateers, who make
no fcruple to take their Ships. 'Porto ftands upon
the declivity of a Steep Hill, the Foot of which
is Wafli'd by the River Douro, that falls into the
Sea a League lower upon a
f Barr. This Bar which
lies in the Mouth of the
Douro , is fo fufpecfted by
Sailors, that they never ap-
proach to it, but when the
Weather is good, and when
they have fome of the Pilots
of the Country on Board j
for upon the Sand of the
Bar there are Rocks, fome
hidden and fome feen ,
which render it inacceffible
to Strangers. A Ship of
four hundred Tun may
come over exa&ly at high
Water ; which is pundual-
ly the time that any Ship
ought to make this River.
Key reaching from one end of the Town to the
other, upon which every Veffel is Laili'd over
againft the owners Doors. *In this River, I had
the opportunity of viewing the Brafil Fleet, con-
fiding of thirty two Portuguese Merchantmen,
the leaft of which carry'd two and twenty Guns.
I faw likewife feveral Foreign Ships, and parti-
cularly five or fix French Privateers, that put in
there to Buy Provifions and Ammunition.

Porto is a Stately fine City, and well Pav'd ,•
but its Scituation upon a Mountain is inconveni-
ent,

* A Bar, properly fpea-

feng, is a Banf^ of Sand,

which commonly rums a-

crofs the Mouth of the

Rivers that have not a

fufflcient Rapidity to throw

buk, into the Sea the

Sands that are caji in

upon' em, when the Winds

blow hard from the

Main. All Bars may he

call'd Banfe of Sand \

for I never heard of a Bar

confifling of a ridge of

Rocks. How this Sard

rifes nearer to the Surface

of the Water, life a little

Hill in a Vlain, fo that

Ships cant get over it

but at high Water.

Here we fee a fine

tpo Some TSlew Voyages

ent, in regard that it obliges one to be alway<
upon the Afcent or Defcent. The Gallery of th*
Regular Canons of St. Aufiins is as curious a piece
of Archite&ure for its uncommon length , a*
their Church is with refped to the roundnefs oi
its Figure, and the Riches of the infide. In thif
City they have a Parliament, a Biflioprick, Aca-
demies for the Exercifes of young Gentlemen,
and an Arfenal for the fitting out of the Men oi
War, that are Built every year near the Mouth
of the River. I wonder that this Town is not
better Fortified, efpecially confidering 'tis the
Second City in Portugal. Its Walls are fix Foot
thick, and at certain diftances fliew us the Ruines
of old Towers that time has levell'd with the
Ground. They were built by the Moors 9 and
are the moft irregular piece of Work that thofe
times produe'd : So that you may eafily guefs
whether 'twould be any hard matter to take this
Town at the firft Attack.

'Tis well for the Portuguefe that this Province,
which is one of the beft in Portugal, is almoft in-
acceffible to their Enemies whether by Sea or
Land ,• the Sea Side being guarded by Barrs, and
the Land by impra&icable Mountains. 'Tis ve^
ry Populous, and all its Valleys which are full of
Towns and Villages, afford great quantities of
Wine and Olives, and feed numerous Flocks of
Cartel, the Wool of which is pretty fine. This
I Write upon tbc Information of fome French
Merchants, who are perfe&iy well acquainted
with this Province. I am told that 'tis impoflible
to make the Douro Navigable, by reafon of the
Water-Falls and Currents that run between the
prodigious Rocks. This, Sir, is all I know of the
matter,- fo I hope you 11 content your felf with
it.

The

to Portugal and Denmark. i p i

The xoth Ifet out for Lisbon in a Sedan., which
I Hir'd for eighteen thoufand fix hundred Reps, a
number of pieces that are enough to frighten thofe
who do not know that they are but Denkrs. Since
the Portuguese State all their Accounts in this failii-
on ; I muft acquaint you that a Rey is nothing
elfe but a Denier, or the 12th part of a Penny ;
and that this numerous quantity of Pieces amounts
to no more than twenty five Piaftres. My Litter-
Man ingag'd for this Fare to fet me down at
Lisbon, on the ninth day of March ,• tho' at the
fame time, he was oblig'd to go two or three
Leagues out of his way, to fatisfie the Curiofity
I had to pafs by the way of Aveiro, where I ar-
rived the next day,

Aveiro is a paltry little Town Seated on the
Sea Side, and upon the Banks of a little River,

Guarded by a Bar, which the Ships that draw

under nine or ten foot Water, crofs at High Wa-
ter by the diredion of the Gcafting Pilots. Tis

Fortified after the Moorish way, as well as Porto.

In this place, there's as much Salt made as wilt

ferve two or three Provinces. 'Tis adorn'd with

a pretty Monaftrey of Nuns, who give proof of

their ancient Nobility and

Origin from the f Chriftiaon

Veilho. The Country gives a

moft pleafant Profped for

three Leagues to the Eaft-

ward 1 that is, to the great

Lisbon Road, which is Hemm'd in by a ridge of

Mountains from Porto to Coimbra.

The i^tb I arriv'd at Coimbra ; and when I

talk'd of Seeing the Unirerfity, my Sedan Man

told me that this piece of Curiofity would flop

Lme for a whole day : So that I can only tell you
that this Univerfity you find mentioned in feme
Travels, is render a Famous by the King of Per-

tmal's

t i. e. Ancient Chrifti-
ans, a great Title of Ho-
nour in that Country, by
reafon of its being un-
common.

192 Some New Voyages

tugah Efforts^ ever fince his Acceflion to the
Throne, to make all Sciences flourifli within its
Walls. The Town affords nothing that's very
remarkable, unlefs it be a double Stone Bridge,
one above another, between which one may crofs
the River without being feen ,• and two fine
Convents, one for Monks, and another for Nuns,
lying at the diftance of fourty or fifty Paces from
one another. Coimbra bears the Title of a
Dutchy, and is Intitled to feveral confiderable
Prerogatives. It ftands fix Leagues off the Sea,
at the Foot of a Steep Hill, upon which you may
fee the Churches and Monaftries, and two or
three fine Houfes. The Biflioprick of this place
which is Suffragran to Brags, is one of the beft
Bifliopricks in Portugal. The Road fwmCoimbra
to Lubon is Pleafant, and affords a pretty Profped;
the Country is pretty well Peopled.

I arriv'd at Lisbon the Metropolis of this Coun-
try on the 18^, and was not near fo tyr'd as I
was uneafy in making ufe of that flow way of
Travelling which can fuit none but Ladies and
old Fellows. I had better have hir'd Mules, for
then I might have gone through in five days time,
and that for a very fmall Charge ,• viz,, thirteen
Tiafiers for me and my Servant. In the mean
time, give me leave to tell you by the bye, that
your tender Sparks would never be able to bear
the inconveniency of the Pofadas ( or Inns) up-
on the Road : They have fuch forry pitiful Ac-
commodation, that the very Defcription of 'em
would be enough to fcare you from going to Lis-
bon, tho' you had never lo much bufinefs there.
However I was as well iatisfied, as if they had
been the beft Inns in France • for having fpent the
whole courfe of my Life in Scouring the Sea,
the Lakes, and the Rivers of Canada, and having
liv'd for the molt part upon Roots and Water,

with

to Portugal and Denmark, ipj

vith a Bark Tent for my Canopy ; I eat heard-
y of all that they fet before me. You muft
now, Sir, the Landlord condu&s thePaffen-
ers to a bye place that looks more like a Dun*
;eon than a Chamber ; and there you muft ftay
nth a great deal of patience,till he fends you fome
Lagou's Seafond with Garlick, Pepper, Chib-
ols, and a hundred Medicinal Herbs, the fmell
f which would turn an Iroquefes Stomach. To
ompleat the nicety of your Entertainment, you
mft lye down upon Quilts or Mattreffes fpread
Bt^pt Planks, without either Straw or Cover-*
:ts 'P%m§. thefe Mattreffes are no thicker than
lis Letter,, fo that 'twould require two or three
undred of 'em to make your Bed fofter than
tones. 'Tis true, the Landlord finds you as ma- ,
y Quilts as you pleafe for a Penny a piece, and
ikes the pains to (hake 'em down, and beat off
le Flea's, Bugs, &c. But thank God,I had no oc«
afion to make ufe of 'em^ for I ftill kept my
[ammock, which was eafily hung up in any
lace I came to, by two large Iron Hooks. But
fter all, the account I now give you of the Por~
iguefe Inns, is all a Jeft in companion with the
panijhy if we may credit Men of Reputation i
Lnd that I take to be the reafon that Travellers
ay little or nothing for their Fare either in the
ne or the other*

The next day after my Arrival at Lisbon'^
faked upon the Abbot d* Efirees • whom the K.
[Portugal has a great refpedt for, and who is
) much efteenVd by every body, that they juftly
ive him the Title of 'O Mais Perfeito dos Perfeitos
'avalheiros3 i. e. The mofi Accotnplijh'd of the mop Ac*
mflifkd Gentlemen. His Equipage is Magnific-
ent enough, tho* he has not yet made his pub-
ck Entry. His Family is kept in excellent Or-
er ^ his Houfe is very well Fumifh'tL" and his
N n Table

ip4 Sonte Nw Voyages

Table is nice and well ferv'd. Oftentimes he
entertains the Perfons of "Note, who would noi
vifit him, if he did not give 'em the Precedency*
This piece of deference would have feem'd ridicu-
lous/ if the King his Mafter had not orderd it tc
be fo in Mr. £>' Opede\
* He was formerly Am- * time : For it looks ver]
hgUowr at this court. 0fo t0 fee the meaneft En

fign in the Army take th(
Right hand of an Ambaffadour, who denys tha
Precedency to all the Minifters of the Secom
Rate. The Tortuguefe Noblemen and Gentlemen
are Men of Honour and Honefty, but they ar
fo full of themfelves that they fancy themfelve
the Pureft and Ancienteft Stock of Nobility an
Gentry in the World. Thofe of diftinguiftiin
Titles expeA your Excellency for their Compelh
tion ; and they are fo tender of their Dignit]
that they never vifit any one that lodges in
publick Houfe, None but Perfons of an Illuftr
ous Birth are dignify'd wit
the Title of t Don ; for tl
moft honourable Pofts car.
Intitle em to that Vener;

j The Word is ex&ftly of
the fame Importance with
Meilire, and with the
Spanifh, Sire or Sieur,
which the Coblers, tyt.
claim as their due.

ble Character z infomuc

that the Secretary of Stat
who is poffefs'd of one I
the greateft Pofts in tl
Kingdom, do's not pretend to affume it.

The King of Portugal is of a large Stature, zt
well Made : he has a very good Meen, tho* 1:
Complexion is fbmewhat Brown. Tis faid3he
as conftant in his Refolutions, as in his Frien
fliip. He is perfedly well acquainted with t
State of his Country. He is fo Liberal and fi
of Bounty, that he can fcarce refufe his Subje<
the Favours they ask. The Duke of Cadaval I
.firft Minifter and Favourite has potent Enemie

up<

to Portugal and Denmark, ipj

upon the account that he appears more Zealous
For his Mafter than the other Courtiers ; and at
the fame time, more hearty for the French Inte-
reft.

The Situation and various Profpe&s of Lisbon
would Entitle it to the Chara&er of one of the
ineft Cities in Europe, if it were not fo very nafty*
[tftandsupon feven Mountains/rom whence you
uve a View of the fineft Land-Skip in the World,
is well as of the Sea, the River Taioy and the
?orts that guard the Mouth of the River. This
Mountainous City puts the People to a great in-
;onvenience, that are forced to walk on foot |
>ut this inconvenience affe&s Strangers and Tra-
rellers moftr whofe Curiofity is in fome meafure
hwarted by the trouble of rambling ftill upon
fcents and defcents ,• for you can't have the ac-
ommodation of Hackny-Coaches, that are com-
mon elfewhere. Here we meet with Stately and
Magnificent Churches ; the moft confiderable of
[fhich are La Ceuy Notre Dame de Loreto, San Vi-
mtey San Rocb, San Pablo, and Santo Domingo*
"he Beneditfin Monaftery of St. JBento is the fineft
m beft Indow'd Monaftery that the Town a£
>rds ; But laft Month part of its fine Fabrick
ras Burnt down by an unfortunate Fire ; and
pon that occafion I faw more Silver Plate car-
ied out of it than fix great Mules could carry.
If the King's Palace were finifii'd, 'twould be
ne of the nobleft Edifices in Europe j but the
ompleating of it would coft at leaft two Millie
as of Crowns. Strangers lodge for the moft
art in the Houfes that Front the Taio. I know
hreral French Merchants^ fome Popifh and fome
-roteftantSj who are very confiderable Traders
i this Country. The Popifh French Merchants
re protefted by France, and the Proteftants take
heker under the Engtifh and Dutch Here we
Nnt reckon

f

1 96 Some Nw Voyages

reckon almoft Fifty English Families, and as raa
ny Dutch y befides fome other For feigners, wh
do ail of 'em get Eftates in a very little tim<
by the great vent of the Commodities of tt
Country. The Engtijh Baetas, or the Cokbefij
light Stuffs fell admirably well in this Place ; ar
there's great Profit got upon the French Linnei
the Tours and Lions Silk Stuffs, French Ribband
Lace and Iron Ware ,• which are ballanc d fc
Sugar, Tobacco, Indigo, Cacao Nuts, &c.

The Alfandigua or Duty of Sugar and Tobacc

is one of the beft Branches of the Royal Rev<

nue, as well as that on Silk, Linnenand Woolle

Cloath, which the Merchants are oblig'd to g

Stamp'd upon the payment of a certain Dui

proportionable to the value and quality of tl

Effe<as. Your dry'd Cod pays almoft Thin

fer Cent Cuftom ; fo that there's fcarceany thu

got by Importing of them, unlefs it be wfa

the firft Ships come in from Newfoundland. T

bacco, whether in Snufti or in Rolls, is fold 1

Retail at the fame price as in France ; for Snu

is worth two Crowns a Pound, and the oth

Tobacco is fold for about Fifty Pence. 1

eafie to evade the Cuftoms, if one has a rig

underftanding with the Guards, who are a pi

eel of Knaves that the found of a Piftole w

make as flexible as you can wifli. No Portma

teau or Cloakbag can be carried into the Ci

without being fearch'd by thefe doughty Ge

tlemen. Galloons, Fringe^, Brocado's, and Gc

or Silver Ribbands are Confiscated as Conti

band Goods ,• for no Perfon, of what Statii

foever, is allow'd to have Silver or Gold Thre

either in his Cloaths or the Furniture of |

Houfe.

All Books, in what Language foever, are i
mediately laid before the Inquifition, and bui

to Portugal dm/ Denmark. 197

1 they do not pleafe the Inquifitors. This Tri-«
unal, of which a French Phyfician gives us a
'athetick Defcription, from the fad experiences
f the Evils he underwent at Goa ; this Tribu-
al, I fay, which belches out more Fire and
lames than Mount Gibel, is fo hot upon the Point
iat if this Letter came before 'em, both it and
ie Author would be in equal danger of being
urn'd ; and 'tis upon this Gonfideration that I
ike care to hold my Peace,efpecially fince the very
Jrandees of the Kingdom are affraid to fpeak of
lis Sanctified Office. Some Days ago I had an In-
srview with a fenfible wife Vortuguefe, who after
lforming me of the Manners and Cuftoms of
ie People of Angola and Brafil, where he had
v'd feveral Years, took pleafure to hear me re-
ount the Fafhions and Humours of the Savages
f Canada • but when I came to the broiling of
ie Prifoners of War that fall into the Hands of
le Iroquefe^ he cry'd out with a furious Accent,
"hat the Iroquefe of Portugal were yet more cruel
lan thofe of America, in burning wichout Mer-
p their Relations and Friends, whereas the lat-
Jr infli&ed that Puniiliment only upon the cruel
Inemies of their Nation.

In former Times the Tortuguefe had fuch 3
eneration for the Monks, that they fcrupl'd to
titer into their Wives Chambers, at a time when
ie good Fathers were exhorting them to forne-
ling elfe than Repentance ; but now a days
iey are not allow'd fo much Liberty : And in-
eed I muft own, that the greateft part of 'em
ve fuch lewd and irregular Lives, that their
Ktravagant Debauches have fliock'd me a hun-
red times. They have Indulgences from the
ope's Nuncio to follow all manner of Liber-
nifm ; for that Papal Minifter, whofe Power

Unlimited as to Ecclefiafticks, gives 'em leave,
N n 2 not-

ip8 Some New Voyages

notwithftanding the Remonftrances of their Sii*
periors, to wear a Hat in the City, ( u e. to gq
about without a Companion ) to lie out of the
Convent, and even to take a Country Journey
now and then. Perhaps they wpuld be wifer,
and their number would be fmaller, if they were
not oblig'd ( as well as the Nuns ) to mak<=
their Vows at 14 Years of Age.

Moft of the Fortuguefe Coaches are Chariot!
Imported from France. None but the King anc
Ambaffadors are drawn by fix Hprfes or Mule
within the City Walls ; out of the Gity, in-
deed;, your Perfons of Quality may have a hun-
dred it they will ; but within the Walls thej
dare not have more than four. The Ladies anc
the old Gentlemen are carried in Sedans o;
Chairs, fo that Chariots are only made ufe 0:
by the younger Noblemen ; none are allow'd t(
make mfe of Coaches and Sedans but the Nobi
lity, Envoys, Refidents, Confuls, and Ecclefia
flicks ; fo that the richeft Citizens and Mer
chants muft content themfelves with a fort o
Calafii with two Wheels, drawn by one Horfe
and driven by themfelves. The Mules that car
ry the Litters or Sedans are larger, finer and no
fo broad Chefted as thole of Auvergne. A Braa
of 'em, generally fpeaking, is worth Eight hun
dred Crowns ,• nay fome of 'em will fetcl
Twelve hundred, efpecially if they come frojri
the Country of the famous Don Jguixot, whicl
lies at a great diftance from Lisbon. The Coacl
Mules come from Bfiremadura^ and are worth a
bout a hundred Piftoles a Pair. The Saddle km
Carriage Mules, and the Spanijl) Horfes, are Cen
fer Qe%& dearer than in CafiUe. When 'tis fair Wea
ther the young Sparks ride up and down .thj
City on Horfe-back, on purpofe to (hew them

felves to the Ladies,

who like Birds in a Cag
have

* Windows with
Grates, the Inter*
vats of which are m
larger than one^
little Finger.

to Portugal and Denmark. 1 99

uv,e no other Privilege than
hat of viewing through the *
thinks of Jealoufie the Crea-
tes whofe Company they wiih
-pr in their Prifons. The Monks
Bj$lo are provided for by Indow-
nents make no Vifits on Foot, for their Convent
keeps a certain number of Saddle Mules, which
:hey make ufe of by turns : And 'tis wonderful Co-
pical to fee the good Fathers patrol and wheel
tjiout the Streets with great long crown d Hats
$e Sugar-loafs, aud Spectacles that cover three
Qiirths of their Face.

Tho' Lisbon is a very large City, and a place
>f great Trade, yet there's but two good French
fpns or Ordinaries in the whole Town, where
yiemay eat tolerably well for five and thirty
Uas a Meal. Queftionlefs the number of good
Ordinaries would be enlarged in courfe, if the
hrtuguefe took pleafure in Eating and Drinking *
or then they would not contemn thole who are
^llicitous to find out good Cheer. They are
\Qt contented with difdaining the Trade of an
[hnkeeper ; but the very nam- of a Pubiick
j-joufe is fo odious to them, that they fcorn to
jifit any Gentleman that Lodges in thofe charm--
tig Quarters. For this reafon, Sir, you would
lo well to advife any Friend of yours, that has
he Gurioiity to Travel into Vortugal, and means
:0 make any ftay in this Town, to go into a
fcnfion at fome French Merchants Houfe. One
nay feed very well in this Town, only 'tis fome-
vhat dear. The Akmteio Poultry, the St. TJbal
Bares and Partridges, and the Algarva Butchers
Meat eat admirably well The Lamego Baton
md Hams are nicer Food than thole of Majence
md Bayonne ; and yet that fort of Meat fits fo
uneafie upon the Stomach of a Vortugmfe, tlut^
N n 4 «

2,e© Some 'New Voyages

if 'twere not for the Confumption in the Mori
and Inquifitors Houfe, there would fcarce I
any Hogs in all Portugal. The Portuguese Wim
are ftrong and have a good Body, efpecially th
Red Wines which run very near to a Black Cc
lour. The Aleguete and Barra a Barra Wines ar
the fineft and thofe of the thineft Body.

The King never tafts Wine, and the Perfoi
of Quality drink of it but very feldom, no moi
than the Women. To fathom the reafon of th
Abftinence we muft confider that Venm has fuc
an Intereft in Portugal, that the Face of h<
Charms hath always kept Bacchus from any Foo
ing in this Country. Here that Goddefs cauf
fo much Idolatry, that fhe feems to difpute wit
the true God for a right to the Worftiip and I
deration of the Portuguefe, and that in the mo
Sacred Places ^ for the Churches and Proceflioi
make thp common Randezwous where the Am<
rous Affignments are mad
'Tis there that the * Banda
rosy the Ladies of Pleafure an
the Women of Intrigue, tat
their Pofts ; for they never fa
to affift at the Feftivals that ai
Celebrated at leaft three or foi
times a Week , fometimes i
one Church and fometimes in another. Th
fvvaggerin| Adventurers have a wonderful Tj
lent of discovering their Amorous Defires wit
one glance of the Eye to the Ladies who retui
?em an Anfwer by the fame Signal ; and th
they call Correftonding. This done, they ha\
nothing to do but to find out their Houfes, b
Following 'em Foot for Foot from the Churc
Door to their refpecftive Apartments. The cox
clufion of thelntrigue lies in marching ftraight o
to the corner of the Street without looking aboi

fc

* A fort of Bug-

gadoeio Bully's, of
Don QuixotcsIfci»-

per, who have no o-
tber Employment
thm that of bunt-
ing tfter Adven-
tures.

t i. e. AMeffage
or a watch Word, in
order to an Inter-

view.

to Portugal ^Denmark. 201

for fear the Husband or Rivals fhould fmell a
Rat. At the end of the Street they have
fo much occafion for a large ftock of Pa-
tience that they muft ftand there two or three
ijours till a Servant Maid comes, whom they
muft follow till (he finds a handfome opportu-
nity of delivering her t Recado
fafely. The Adventurers muft
truft thefe goodly Confidents,
and fometimes run the rifque
of their Lives upon their Word
and Directions ; for they are as cunning as they
are true to their Miftreffes, from whom they re-
ceive Prefents as well as from the Suitors/ and
fometimes from the Husbands.

In former times the Tortuguefe Women cover'd
their Faces with their || Man-
to s, and expos'd nothing to
view but one Eye, as the Sfa*
nijh Women do to this Day ;
but as foon as they perceiv'd
that the Sea Towns were re-
plenifti'd with as fair Children as any are in
France or England, the poor Mantos were di-
fcarded, and forbid to approach the Face of
a Lady. The Vortuguefe have fuch an Antipa-
thy and Horror for ASeons Arms, that they
had rather cut their own Fingers than take
Tobacco out of an Horn-Box ; tho' after all
the Horn Commodity begins to take here, not-
withftanding the repeated Difcouragements of
Poyfon and the Sword. Almoft every Month
brings us frefti Inftances. of foroe Tragical. .Ad-
venture of that Nature, efpecially when the
Angola or Brafil Fleets are juft come in ; for the
greateft part of the Seamen that go upon thefe
Voyages are fo unfortunate, that when they re-
turn home they find their Wives lock'd op in

Mohafteries

SI Veils of Tafftas
which cover'd both
the Face and theBody^
and at the fame time
cloafid tbeirlntrrgues.

2 02 Some New Voyages

Monasteries inftead of their own Houfes. Thp
reafon of their voluntary Confinement is this ;
that they ehoofe thus to expiate and attone for
the Sins they committed in their Husbands ab-
fence, rather than be ftabb'd at their return*
Upon this fcore we ought not to Cenfure thofe
who reprefented the Ocean with a Bull's Horns,
for in good earneft almoft all that expofe theni-
felves to the brunts of the Sea make much fucfa
another Figure. In fine, Gallantry in the way
of Amours is too ticklifli a Trade in this Place,
for it runs a Man in danger of his Life. Here
we find plenty of Whores, whofe Company
ought by all means to be avoided; for befides
the danger of ruining one's Health, a Man
runs the rifque of being knock'd on the Head if
he frequents their Company. The handfomeft
Whores are commonly Amez,adad or hir'd by the
Month by fome kind Keepers, that have a watch-
ful Eye over 'em ,• but notwithftanding all the
Keepers Precaution, they enjoy the Diverfion of
fome wife Companions at the expenceof fuch
Fools. The Fools I now fpeak of lye under an
indifpenfible Neceffity of keeping up and feed-
ing with Prefents the pretended Love and Fide-
lity of the faid Laissy the Enjoyment of whom
is unconceivably Chargeable. The Nuns receive
frequent Vifits from their Devotos, who have a
warmer Paffion for them than for the Women of
this Worlds as it appears from the Jealoufies,
Quarrels, and a Thoufand other Diforders that
arife among the Rivals upon the fcore of Intri-
gue. Formerly the Parlours of the Monafteries
were guarded only with a fingle Grate, but fince
my Lord Grafton and fome of the Captains of
his Squadron had the Curiofity to touch the
Hands, &c of the Nuns of Odiveta ; the King
ordered all the Convents in the Kingdom to

have

to Portugal and Denmark. 203

have double Grates upon their Parlours. At the
fame time he almoft ftiffied the Pretention tif the
Devotosy by prohibiting any one to approach to
I Convent without a lawful Occafion, tho' to
feme an occafion is eafie to one that has the fol-
fy to be in Love with thefe poor Girls.

The Vortuguefe are a People of a quick Appre-
fienfion,- they think freely; and their Expreffi-
ons come up to the juftnefsof their Thoughts:
They have able Phyficians and learned Cafiiifts
among 'em. The Celebrated Camoens was with-
out difpute one of the moft Illuftrious Citizens
df Varnaffm. The teeming variety of his excel-
lent Thoughts, his choice of Words, and the
politenefs and eafie freedom of his Stile, charm d
all who were fufficiently acquainted with the
Tortuguefe Language. 'Tis true he had the Mil-
fortune of being rally 'd upon by Moreri, and by
fome Spanijh Authors ,• who, when they could
Jfot avoid owning, that 'tis impoffible to furpafs
the Genius of this unfortunate Poet, blacken d
his Character with the imputation of Infidelity
and Profanity. A Catalan Monk fells foul upon
a hundred Places of his Laz>iadas Endechas Eftri-
villas. &c. and brands him for an Impious Rat-
tie-brain d Fellow. To quote two Places that
he Cenfures ; the firft is the Cadence of a Son-
net entituled Soneto Nuo Imfrejjo ; where alter
fome Reflections the Poet fays, Mais O Melhor
detudo e crer en Chrifio ; i. e. After ally the fur 'eft
l&tay is to believe in Qhrift. The Second is the
Conclufion of a Glozay viz. Si Dew fe Bnfca no
Mundo nejfes olios fe achara. That is to fay, in
-fpeaking to a Lady, If we look for God in this
World well find him in your Eyes.

The 'Portugueje Pulpit- men cry up their Saints
llmoft above God himfelff and to exaggerate
their Sufferings lodge Jem in Stables rather than

in

204 Some New Voyages

in Paradife. They conclude their Sermons with
fuch Pathetick Cries and Exclamations, that the
Women figh and cry as if they were in defpair.
In this Country the Title of a Heretick is ac-
counted highly infamous ; and indeed it bears a
very odious Signification. The Prieftsand Friars
hate Cahin for Curtailing the bufinefs of Confef-
fion, as much as the Nuns efteem Shuter for his
Monaftical Marriage. In the City they make
Proceflxons from one end of the Town to the o-
ther, every Friday in Lent. I have ken above a
hundred discipline themfelves in the Streets, in
an odd manner. They were clad in White,
with their Face cover'd and their Back naked ,•
which they lafli fo handfomely, that the Blood
fpurts in the Face of the Women who are fet up-
on the fides of the Streets 3 on purpofe to ri-
dicule and vilify the leaft Bloody. Thefe
were follow'd by others in Masks, who carried
Croffes, Chains, and bundles of Swords of an
incredible weight.

The Foreigners of this place are almoft as Jea-
lous as the Portuguefe ;'m{omuch that their Wives are
afraid to fliew themfelves to their Husband's beft
Friends. They afFed the Portuguefe Severity with
fo much exa&nefs, that thefe poor Captives dare
not lift up their Eyes in the Prefence of a Man.
But notwithstanding all their precaution, they
fometimes meet with the Mifchief that they take
fuch care to avoid. The City is Peopled with
perfonsofall Colours, fome Black, fome Mulat-
to's, fome Swarthy, and fome of an Olive Com-
plexion : But the Greateft part areTrigenbo%i.e;
of the Colour of Corn. The medley of foma-
ny different hues, do's fo mingle the Blood of
the Nation, that the true Whites make but a ve-
ry fcanty number ,• and 'tis for this reafon, that
if one were to fay in Portuguefe, I am a Man ( or

a

to Portugal and Denmark. 2 o 5

* Woman ) of Honour j the nobleft expreffion he
gan find, is,, Eufiu Branco, or Branca, I e. lam a
Whit*. "' '.,. j

You may walk up and down Lubcnjiight ana
day without fearing Pickpockets. Till three or
four a Clock in the Morning, you have Mufici-
ans that play in the Streets on Guitars, and joyn
to the Sweetnefs of that Inftrument, the moft
moanful Songs that can be imagin'd. The way
of Dancing among the ordinary fort of People is
very indecent, by reafon of the impertinent Mo-
tions of their Head and Belly. The Infrrumen-
tal Mufick of the Tortuguefe is difagreeable at fiift
to the Ears of a Foreigner $ but at the bottom it
has fomewhat in it that' sfweet, and pleafes, when
one is accuftom'd to it. Their Vocal Mufick is
focoarfe, and its difcordant Notes are fo unhap-
pily link'd together ; that the chattering of a Crow
is more Melodious. Their Church MuficalCcm-
pofures are all in the Cafiilian Language, as well
as their Paftorals and ipoft of their Songs. They
endeavour to imitate the Spanijh Cufioms as much
as poffibleY nay, they are fo nice in cbferving
die Ceremonies of the Spanijh Court, that the
Tortuguefe Minifters would be very much difcblig'd
if the leaft Formality were lop d off.- The King
and the Grandees wear much fuch another Babit
as our Financiers or Receivers of the Rcyal Re-
venue. They have a clofe Coat with a Cloak of
the fame colour \ a great Band of Venice Point,
with a long Perriwig, a Sword, and a Dagger.
They give the Title of ExceBentia to Ambaffa-
dours, and that of Senboria to Envoys and Resi-
dents.

The Port of Lisbon is large, fate and conveni-
ent ; ' tho' the Entry is very difficult. The Ships
Ride at Anchor between the City and the Caftle
of Almada, at 'eighteen Fathcm Water en a good

ftrong

io6

Some 2$ew Voyages

ftrong Ground. The Lisbon River is calfdby
the Portuguefe, O Rey dos Rios, i. e. 7 he King tf
Rivers. ?Tis almoft a League broad where the Ships
Ride ; at which place the Tide rifes twelve foof
perpendicular, and runs above ten Leagues far-
ther up towards its fource. All Captains of Ships,
whether Men of War or Merchant Men, Fo-
reigners or Natives, are exprefsly prohibited to
Salute the City with a Difcharge of Cannon, or
fire a Ship Gun before it, upon any pretence
whatfoever. The Confuls of France, England and
Holland, have five or fix thoufand Livres a piece
allow'd 'em yearly ,* befides which , they
make a jQiift to get as much more by Tra-
ding.

This, Sir, is alLthe account I can give you at
prefent of this charming Country ; which to my
mind would be a Paradife upon Earth, if 'twere
Inhabited by Peafants that had lefs of the Gentle-
man in their Condud. The Climate is admira-
bly fweet and agreeable ,♦ the Air is clear and fe-
rene, the Water of the Country is wonderful
good, and the Winter is fo mild that I have fek
x\o cold as yet. In this Country, the People
may live for an Age without any inconveniency
from advancing Years. The old Perfons are not
loaded with the Infirmities that plague thofe
of other Countries ,• their Appetite do's not fail
'em, and their Blood is not fo defpirited, but
that their Wives can vouch for their perfed health.
Ardent Fevers make a terrible Havock in Portu-
gal, and the Venereal Diforders are fo civil, that
no body troubles his head for a cure. The P^,
which is very frequent in the Country, gives fo
little uneafynefs, that the very Phyficians who
have it, are loth to carry it off, for fear of going
to the charge of repeated Cures. The Juftices
and Peace- Officers are fa wcy and unfufferably

ar-

to Portugal and Denmark. 20^

arrogant, as being authoris'd by a King that ob*
ferves the Laws with the utmoft Severity ; for
this incourages ?em to pick quarrels with the Peo-
ple, from whom they frequently receive very
cruel Reprimands. Some time ago, the Count de
frado Son in Law to the Mareflial de Vihroy, took
the pains to fend into the o-
ther World aninfolent*C0r- * % e. An Itmndani
rigidor, that would willing- *n& Civil $u&ge.
ly have difpenfed with the
Voyaye. While that Gentleman was Riding in
Coach with his Coufin3 at the corner of a Street
he met the Corrigidor, who was Mounted like a
St. George, and to his Misfortune fo proud of his
Office, that he did not daign to give the two
Gentlemen a Salute. I've acquainted you alrea-
dy that the Portuguefe Gentlemen are the vaineft
Men in the World j and upon that fcore, yoii
will not think it ftrange that thefe two Gentle-
men alighted from the Coach, and made the Cor-
yjrlgtdor fpring from his Hcrfe and Jump into the
other World. A Trench Man will be ready to fay
that the Intendant's Indilcretion did not deferve
jfuch rude ufage ,• but the Portuguefe Perfons of
Quality that cover their Heads in the prefence of
their King, will be of another mind. However,
the two ChavalierVtook Shelter in the Houfe of
.the Abbot £ Eftrees, who fent em to Frame in a
sBrefi Frigot.

. It now remains to give you a Lift of the King
of 'Portugal's Standing Forces. He has eighteen
thoufand Foot, eight thoufand Horfe, and twen-
ty twd Men of War ,• namely,

4 Ships from 60 to 70 Guns.
6 Ships from yo to 60 Guns.
6 Ships from 40 to .yo Guns.
6 Frigats from 30 to 40 Guns.

You

ioS Some New Voyages

You muft know that the King's Ships are light
Timberd, well Built and handfomely Modeled j
their Caulking, Iron Work and Roundings is all
very neat Their Arfenals and Naval Stores are
in great diforder, and good Sailors are as fcarce
in Portugal as good Sea Officers , for the Govern-
ment has negle&ed the Forming of Marine Nur-
feries and Navigation Schools, and a thoufand
other neceffary things ,• the difcuffion of which
would lead me too far out of my way. The
Portuguefe are charg'd with being fomewhat dull
and flow in Working their Ships, and lefs brave
by Sea than by Land.

The Captains of the King's Ships have com-
monly twenty two Patacas a Month; and a free
Table while they are at Sea ,• befides fome Per-
quefites.

A Lieutenant's Pay is fixteen Patacas a Month.

An Enfign of Marines has ten Patacas z. Month.

An Able Sailor has four Patacas a Month.

A Captain of a Company of Foot has about
five and twenty Patacas a Month, in Pay and
Perquifites both in Peace and War.

The Ahfieres, who are a fort of Lieutenants,
have eight Patacas.

A Common Soldier's Pay is about two pence
half-penny a day of our Mony.

A Captain of Horfe has in Pay and Perquifites,
in time of Peace, about a hundred Patacas a
Month.

A Lieutenant of Horfe has near thirty Patacas
a Month.

A Quartermafter fifteen Patacas a Month.

A Trooper four Sous a day, and his Forrage.

As for the General Land and Sea Officers, 'tis
hard to tell exa&ly what their Incomes amount
to : For the King grants Penfions to fome, and
Commandri.es to others, as he fees occafion. The

Collo-

to Portugal and Denmark. 2 op

Collonels, Lieutenant-Collonels and Majors of
Foot, as well as the Makres de Camp and the
Gommiffarys, have no fix'd Allowance : For
fome have more and fome left, in proportion to
the advantage of the Place where their Troops
are Quarter'd, and the number of their Men.

The Vortuguefe Troops are ill Difciplin'd. Nei*
ther Horfe nor Foot are Cloath'd after
the fame manner ,• for fome have a Brown Live-
ry, fome Red, fome Black, fome Blew, fome
Green, &c. Their Arms are very good j and
the Officers do not mind their brightnefs, provi-
ded they are in a good Condition. One would
fcarce believe that thefe are the Troops that did
fuch mighty Feats againft the Spaniards in the
iaft Wars. In all appearance they were better
Difciplin'd in thofe days than they are now, and
were not fo much taken up with their Guitars.

To fhew you the Species and Value of the
S/Lony that's Current in this Country :

A Spanijh Piafire or piece of Eight, which the
°ortuguefs call a Vatacay is worth a French Crown |
md contains yjo Reys.

The half pieces and quarter pieces are of a
>roportionable Value.

A Rey is a Denier, as I intimated above*

The loweft Silver Coin they have is a Vintaim
)r twenty penny piece, being 20 Reys,

ATefioon is worth 5* Vintaines.

A Demi-Teftoon goes in a half proportion »

An old Cruzada is near 4 Teftoons.

The Mada d ouro, a Gold Coin, is worth 6
*atacas and 3 Teftoons.

The half and quarter M&dd$ have a proportion
lable Value.

A Lowis d'or, whether Old or New, goes for
bur Piafres wanting two Tefioons,

0 0

2 1 o Some ISletv Voyages

The half and quarter Pifioks go upon the fame
proportion.

A Spanifh Pifiole, full Weight, goes at the fame
rate for 4 Piafires, wanting two Tefloons ; fo that
there's Mony got by fending 'em to Spain, where
they're worth 4 Piafires neat.

No Species of Mony bears the King of Portu-
gal's Effigies ; and there's no diftin&ion made in
Portugal, between the Seville Piafires and thofe oi
Mexico, or of Peru, as they do eifewhere.

No French Coin paffes in this Country, except
ing Crowns, half Crowns and quarter Crowns.
The Portuguefe 128 pound is equal to the Part.
100 Weight. ThGirCalido isaMeafure that exceed:
the Paris half Ell by three inches and a line ; f(
that its juft extent is two French foot, one incl
and one line. Their Bara is another Meafure
fix of which makes ten Calido's. The PortugueJ
League i£ 4200 Geometrical Paces, allowing fiv
Foot to every Pace.

As for the Intereft of the Portuguefe Court,

wave it on purpofe becaufe I have no mind t

enter into Politicks. Befides, I have already ac

quainted you that I pretend to Write nothing eli

but fuch trifles as have not been yet took notk

of in Print. If it were not that I had laid m

felf under that Reftri&ion, I could fend you

circumftantial account of their different Tribi

nals or Courts of Juftice, and fome Scraps <

their Laws : I could give you to underftand th

the Parliament and Arch-Biftioprick of Lisbo

make one of the greateft Ornaments of this M

trofolis ; that the Ecclefiaftical Benefices are e:

tream large ,• that there are no Commendatoj

Abbeys in the Country, that the Friars are ne

ther fo well indow'd nor fo well entertain'd

one might expecft. I could inform you that tj

King's Royal Order is call'd Vbabito de Crifio ,

Mada

"

to Portugal and Denmark, n f

Madam dy Aunoy had not taught you fo much in
Defcribing the admirable Inftitution of that Or«
der ; and therefore fliall content my felf in ad-
ding that the number of the Knights Compani-
ons of this Order runs far beyond that of its
Commandriesj which are worth very little. Here
I muff make a halt and take leave of this Royal
City,, which 'tis poflible I may fee once more
hereafter. I fet out immediately for the Nor-
thern Kingdoms of Europe • waiting patiently till
it pleafes God that Monfieur Tonchartrain fhould
either remove to Paradife, or do Juftice to him
who Jhall always be yours more than his own.

Tour Humble ; &C*

E T T E R

1 1.

Dated at TraVemunde, 1694,

Containing an Account of the Author's Voy»
age from Lisbon to Garnfey • his Adventure

1 with an Englijb Man of War and a Priva-

I teer : A Defcription of Rotterdam and AM-
fierdam ; the Author's Voyage to Hamburg -9

\ the Dimenfions of a FUmifh Sloop ; a De-
fcription of the City of Hamburg ; the Au-

f thor's Journy from thence to Lubeck; and

I a Defcription of that City.

I Set out from Lisbon on the ^th of 'April, ha-
ving bargaind with a Matter of a Ship to
Land me at Amfierdam for thirty Piaftres* At the
O o 2 fame

%\% Some Hew Voyages

fame time, I had the precaution of taking a Pa

from the, Dutch Refident, for fear of being ftop

in that Country. I went in a Boat to a pla

caird Belin, which lies about two Leagues bek

Lisbon. At this little Town all the Mercha

Ships that go and come, are oblig'd to fhew th<

Cockets, Invoice, and Bills of Lading, aj

to pay the Duty for their Cargo. The 6th \

got out of the Taio, and folio w'd the Rake of

Fleet Bound for the BaltickSea, and Convoj

by a Swedish Man of War of 60 Guns, Comma

ded by a Lubecker whofe Name was Crenger ; a

whom the King of Sweden had prefer'd to a K

ble Dignity, notwithftanding that Originally

had been a Common Sailor. We crofs'3 the JR

by the way of the Great Channel or Pafs, I

tween Fort Bougio, and the Cachopa* ; the JL

being a great Bank of Sand and Rocks, exter

ing to three quarters of a League in length, a

half a League in breadth, which Ships are apt

fall foul of in a Calm, by reafon of the Ti«

that bear that way. You muft know that if

had had Pilots that knew the Coaft, we woi

have pafs'd between that Bank and the Fort of

Julian, which lies to the North or the Lisbon fi<

oppofite to Bougio ; but we had no occafion

employ 'em, fince our Portuguese Captain took t

opportunity of following the run of the Bait

Fleet. As foon as we came into the Main, a

fell into the middle of that North Country Fie

the Brutifli Commodore made down upon us w

all Sails aloft, and fir'd a Cannon with Ball

Head of our Ship ,• after which he fent out

Lieutenant to acquaint our poor Matter, tha

behov'd him to pay two Tiftoles immediately

the Shot, and to Sheer off from his Fleet, un

he had a mind to pay a hundred Tiafires for

Convoy, which the Matter of our Veffel refu

very Gracefully. 3

■

to Portugal and Denmark. 21 $

But to drop this Subject ,• I muft acqaaint yoU
that the Barr of Lisbon is inacceffible while th§
Wind blows hard from the Weft and South-Weft ■$
which commonly happens in Winter. Add to
his, that for eight Months of the Year the North
tnd North-Eaft Winds prevail, and that mode-
rately : By which means it came about, that out
^ffage from the Mouth of the Tab to Gape Fi»
\0ene was longer than an ordinary Voyage from
he Ifle of Newfound-Land to France. I never
m fuch conftant Winds as thefe ,• however we
jot clear of 'em, by Traverfing and Sweeping a*
Gag the Coaft, which our Tortuguefe Captain
furft not leave for fear of the Sally-Rovers,
vhom they dread more than Hell it felf. At laft,
ifter 18 or 20 days Sailing, we Weather d Cai$e
Wnifterre ; and then the Wind Veering to the
Jouth-Weft, we made fuch way that in ten dr
lirelve days we came in fight of the Ifle of GWera-
P I muft fay, that if it had not been for a
fyenchVilot that conn'dtheShip,we had frequent-
y fallen Foul on the Coaft of the BritiJhChannel :
for you muft know, the Portuguefe have but little
acquaintance with the Northern Seas, and the
Unds that jut out into 'em ; and for that reafon
ire oblig'd to make ufe of Foreign Pilots when
they are Bound for England or Holland. The fame
lay that we defcry'd Guemfey, two great English
ihips gave us Chafe with full Sail, and in three
jr four hours came up with us : One of 'em was
t King's Ship of fixty Guns,- and the other was a
Privateer of fourty Guns, Commanded by one
Iwper, who was naturally very well calculated
or a Pickpocket, as you'll fee in the Sequel. As
oort as they came up with us, we were forc'd to
krikeand put out our Long Boat, into which I
went in order to fliew the Captain, whofe name
was Townfend; the Pafs I had receivd from the
O O 3 Dutch

2 1 4 Some New Voyages

Dutch Refident at Lisbon. This Captain treate<
me with all poflible Civility., in fo much that hi
affur'd me all my Baggage mould be fecur'd fron
the Rapine of Captain Cowper, who purfuant t<
the Principles of his profeffion, pretended t<
Pillage me with as little Scruple as Mercy. How
ever, our Ship could not be Search'd till we go
into Guernfey Road, and for that reafon we wer
carry 'd thither the fame day ; and after droppin
Anchor the two EngUJh Captains went a Shoai
and fent two Searchers on Board of us, to try i
they could prove that the Wine and Brandy witl
which our Ship was Fraughted , was of th
growth of France or Exported by Commiffioj
from French Merchants ; which they could nc
poffibly make out, notwithftanding that the;
fpent fifteen days in fearching and rummaging
as I heard afterwards at Lubec. This troublefom
Accident oblig'd me in five or fix days after, t
Imbarque in a Dutch Frigs
* A Place in Holland. Gf * Circzee ; having firi
prefented Captain Townfen
with fome Casks of AUegrete Wine, a Cheft c
Oranges, and fome Diflie
Carv'd at f Efiremos • an
that in acknowledgment c
the kind Ufage and goo
Entertainment that he gav
me both a Shoar, and on Board of his Ship.

My Second Voyage prov'd more favourabl
than the former ; for in ' three days Sailing I ai
riv'd at Circ&ee \ at which place I went on Boar
of a Tallage Smack, which ■ fleer 'd between th
Ifiands, and by vertue of the Winds and Tyde
wafted me to Rotterdam.

Rotterdam is a very large fine City, and a plac
of very greit Trade. Here I had the Pleafure c
viewing in two days time, the Maes College, th

" Arfe

f A Portuguefe City
that ftands almofi on the
Frontiers towards Extre-
mad ura.

"

to Portugal and Denmark. 2iy

Arfenal for Naval Stores, and the great Tower,
which by the induftry of a Carpenter was Rein-
ftated in its perpendicular Pofture, at a time
when it bended and flielv'd in fuch a monftrous
manner, as to threaten the City with the Load
of its Ruines. I had like wife the Satisfaction of
feeing the Houfe of the Famous Erafinus, as well
as the Beauty of the Port or the Maes, the Mouth
of which is very dangerous, by reafon of fome
Shelves and Banks of Sand that flioot out a pret-
ty way into the Sea, The Trade of Rotterdam
is very confiderable, and the Merchants of that
place enjoy the conveniency of bringing their
Ships up to the Doors of their Ware-Houfes, by
the help of the Canals or Ditches, that interfed:
this great City. Two days after my Arrival, I
Imbarqu'd at five a Clock in the Morning in a
Travelling Boat or Tratt Scuyt for Amfterdam.
This fort of Boats is cover'd with Ribs, being
flat, long and broad ,• and has a Bench or Form
on each fide, that reaches from the Prow to the
Poop. In this Conveniency, which one Horfe
\yill draw, we travel a League an hour, for three
Sous and a half ^er League. In all the Principal Ci-
ties of Holland the Scuytsfet out every hour, whe-
ther full or enjpty : But you muft know that you
frequently ftift Boats, and for that end muft walk
on foot thro' feveral Cities. In this fmall Voyage
I walk'd thro' Delft, Leyden and Harlem, which
appear'd to be large, neat and fine Cities. Al-
ter I had Travel'd in thefe Boats twelve Leagues
up6n Ditches lin'd with Trees, Meads, Gardens,
and moft pleafant Houfes, I arriv'd at Amfierdam
in the Evening.

When I came to my Inn, my Landlord or-
der'd me a Guide, who in feven or eight days
time ihew'd me all the Curiofities of this Flou-
rifhing City ; but I could have done it in three
Oo 4 or

% 1 6 Some New Voyages

or four days, if the Gity had afforded the Gon-
veniency or Hackney-Coaches, fuch as the]
have at Torn said other Places. The City i
large, neat and fine ; moft of its Canals or Gra
afs are deck'd with very pretty Houfes : But th
Water Stagnating in thefe large Cifterns fmell
very ftrong in Hot Weather. The Edifices ar
for the moft part Uniform, and the Streets ar
drawn as if 'twere by a Line. The Guild-Hallo
Stadt-Houfe ftands upon Wooden Piles or Stakes
tho' that vaft Mafs of Stone is extream heavj
This Noble Edifice is inrich'd with feverai fin
Pieces of Sculpture and Painting, and adorn'
with rich Tapeftry. Here you may fee the finei
Marble, Jafper and Porphyry that can be : Bi
this is nothing in Comparifon with the Mould
Crowns that are hoarded up under the Vaults c
this monftrous Edifice. The Admiralty-Houi
is likewife very fine, as well as the Arfenal. Th
Port which is little lefs than a large quarter of
League in Front, was covered all over with Ship
in fo much that one might eafily Jump from on
to another.

In this Gity I faw fome neat Churches, nc
to fpeak of a Synagogue of the true Jews, wh
out of regard to their Antiquity are allow'd th
publick Exercife of their Venerable Religior
The Roman Catholicks, Luther ans3 &c. are tolera
ted to Worfhip God in their way, without lay
ing the Doors of their Meeting-Houfes open, g
ringing Bells or Chimes. I was likewife entei
tain'd with a Sight of the Houfes for Widow
and Orphans, and their Bridewells whether fc
the Punifliment of Rogues, or of Female Sin
ners, who are forcd to Work very hard to expi
ate their Peccadillo's. The Exchange is a piec
of Architedure, large enough to contain eigh
thoufand Men : But the Statelieft thing I faw wa

-

to Portugal and Denmark. 217

ten or twelve Mufick-Houfes, fo calfd from cer-
tain Mufical Inftruments forrily Scrap'd upon,
by the Sound of which a Gang of nafty Punks
infnare fuch as have the courage to look upon
'em without Spitting in their Faces. This graci-
ous Tribe affembles in the Seraglio as foon as Night
approaches. In fome of thefe Mujick-Bcufes you
are entertain'd with the Sound of an Organ • in
others with zHarpficord or fome other lamelnftru-
ment. You enter into a large Room where the
frightful Veftal Ladies fit, rigg'd with all forts of
Colours and Stuffs, by the kind affiftance of the
Jews who let out the Head-Dreffes and Suits of
Gloaths, that have been kept for that ufe,from Fa-
ther to Son,ever fince theDeftrudionof^r/^fcw.
In thefe Seraglios every body's Welcome for the
Spending of ten or twelve Stivers, which he muft
lay down at his firft entry, for a Glafs of Wine
that's enough to Poifon an Elephant. Here you'll
fee a Swinging Raw-Bon'd Sailor pop in with his
Pipe in his Jaws, his Hair all glittering with Sweat,
and his Tar Breeches Glew'd to his Thighs ; in
, which Pickle he makes SS's till he falls flat at
his Miftriffes Feet; Next comes a Foot-Man
half Muddled^ that Sings and Dances, and Swills
down Brandy to make himfelf Sober. After
him the Stage is Trod by a Soldier that Swaggers
and Storms, and makes the whole Palace trem-
ble ; or elfe by a Company of Adventurers muf-
fled up in their Cloaks, who come to play the
Devil with three or four Rogues, and get them-
felves knock'd on the Head by fifty that out-do
Affes in Brutifhnefs. In fine, Sir, the whole
Chorus is a Colle&ion of nafty Mifcreants, who
in fpite of the unfuffer able Funk of Tobacco and
Smell of nafty Feet, continue in that Common
Shore of Ordure and Nufance till two a Clock in
rhs Morning, without ever difobliging their Sto-
machs.

•

2 i 8 So?ne New Voyages

roachs. This Sir, is the whole of what I know
in the matter.

As I pafs'd thro' this famous City, I met with
fome French Merchants of the Catholick Religion,
the moft confiderable of which are the Sieurs £
Moracin,znc\ d' Arreche • both BayonneMcn^and per-
fons of Merit and Probity, who have already
purchas'd a great Eftate, and a very reputable
Character. I was inform'd that there were a
great many French Refugees in this City, who
have fet up Manufadures that inrich'd fome and
ruin'd others. This is to me a convincing Proof
that the Refugee Trade has been favourable to
fome and fatal to others ; nay, 'tis really true,
that fome Refugees who brought Mony into Hol-
land are now in want, and others who had not a
.Groat in France, are become Crafius in that Re-
publick.

There's no Country in the World in which
good Inns are fo chargeable, as they are in Hol-
land. There you muft pay for Bed and Fire, in
proportion to your Meals, which coft you half a
Ducatoon, or two and nine pence a time ; So that
a Gentleman and his Servant mult lie at the
Charge of eight French Livres a day, for Supper,
Dinner, Bed and Fire.

As for the Dutch Mony, the Value of it is as
follows.

A Ducatoon is worth three Guelder s, three Stui-
*vcrs.

A Rix Dollar paffes for fifty Stuivers.

A Crown for 40 Stumers.

A Dollar for 50 Stumers.

An eight and twenty Stuck or Piece3 28 Stui-
'vers.

A Guelder piece 20 Stuivers.

A Stamp'd Schelling 6 Stumers.

Ail Unftampd Schilling, 5 Stuivers 4 Doits.

to Portugal and Denmark, 2 1 p

A Dubbelkie 2 Stuivers.

A Stuiver 8 Doits ; which makes a French Sol
and a Liard ; for five French Sous make but four
Dutch Stuiver s ; and a French Crown of 60 Sous
value is no more than 48 Stuivers.

A Gold Ducat is worth $ Guelders y Stuivers.

A Lowis D'or paffes for 9 Guelders 9 Stuivers.

As for the Meafures of Holland, I can tell you
with reference to fome, that a League is near
3800 Geometrical Paces.

An Ell is a French Foot ten Inches and a Line.'

A Pound is equal to our Paris Pound.

A Pint holds much the fame quantity of Li-
quor with a Paris Ghopine.

This is all the account I can give you of Hoi-

When I fet out from Amfterdam to Hamburg, I
chofe the eafyeftand cheapeft way of Travelling,
( I mean by Water. ) I had refoiv'd indeed to
Travel by Poft Waggons or Coaches >• but that
resolution was prefently drop'd, when I was ad-
vis'd that in Travelling by Land, I might run the
rifque of being flop d in the Territories of feme
x of the German Princes, who require Paffports of
all Travellers. This wholefome Advice fpar'd
both my Corps and my Purfe : For to have gone
Poft, it would have coft me for my felf and my
Servant fourty Crowns, whereas it coft me but
five by Water. There goes two Dutch Sloops
from Amfierdam to Hamburg every Week, on pur-
pofe to carry PalFengers, who may hire little fe-
perate Cabins, fuch being made in the Ship for
the Accommodation of thofe who have a mind
to be private. Thefe Sloops would be admira-
bly well Calculated for Sailing up the South Mo
of the River of St. Laurence, from its Mouth to''
Smbec ; and above all, from $titbec to Monreal
They are preferable to our Barques for that Ser-

t vice :

220

Some ISLew Voyages

vice ; which I'll make out by five or fix Reafons.
In the firft place, they do not draw half fo much
Water as our Barks of the fame Burden. In the
next place, they'll tack to the four Quarters of
the Wind • they require lefs Rigging and a fmal-
ler compliment of Hands than our Barques, and
are Work'd with lefs Charge ; they'll turn their
Head where their Stern was before in the twink-
ling of an Eye, whereas our Barques can't get a-
bout under five or fix Minutes, and fometimes
will not tack atall $ they may rub upon Sand or
Gravel without danger, as being Built of half
t Ribs, whereas our Barks being round, would
{ in pieces upon the leaft touch. Such,, Sir,
; -lie Advantages of thefe Flemjh Veflels be-
yond ours ,• and foyou may fafely Write to the
sZ'jckd Merchants who Trade to Canada, that
they would find 'em very ferviceable in that
Country : At the fame time, you may oblige
'em with the following dimensions of that fort
of Shipping, which I took from the Veffel I was
on Board ok] that was one of the leaft Size. It
was fourty two Foot long from the Stern-poft to
the Head ; the Hold was about eight Foot broad
arid about five Foot deep : The Cabin in the
Fore-Caftle was fix Foot long, and had a Chim-
ney with a Funnel and Vent at the bottom of th6
Cape-Stane. The Cabin Abaft was of the fame
length, and its Deck was rais'd three Foot high-
er than the Fore-Caftle. The Helm of the
frightful Rudder run along the Roof of the laft
Cabin. The Ribs of this little Veifel, were, in
good earneft, as fiat as the Boats in the Seine.
The Side was about a Foot and a half high,* the
Maft was 16 Inches diameter, and ;o Foot
high ; the Sail refembled a Re<ftangle Triangle
in its Form. The Veifel was provided with lee-
boards, or a fort of Wings which the Carpenters

know

to Portugal and Denmark. 221

know very well how to ufe. In fine, to inform
your felf more particularly of the matter, you
may Write to Holland for a Model of that fort of
Shipping in Wood ,• for a French Garpenter will
never make any thing of the beft Verbal Defcri-
ption I can give. The cafe is the fame as with
fome Mathematical Inftruments, of which the
acuteft men can never form a juft Idea without
feeing 'em.

In Sailing from Amfierdam to Hamburgh we
Steer thro' the Waty that is, between the Conti-
nent and a firing of Iflands that lye about two
or three hours off the Terra Firma ; and round
which the Tide ebbs and flows, as in other places.
Between the Continent and thefe Iflands there
are certain Channels, which are deeper than the
other places on the right and left, for thefe a^e
dry every Tide. Thefe Channels are eafily diy
ftinguilh a by the help of fome Buoys and Maft^
Planted upon the Flats. At half Flood you may
weigh Anchor and Steer along the Channels,
which make ftrange Windings and Elbows ,• and
if the Wind be contrary, you may eafily Board
along by the help of the Current, till it is low
Water, at which time you run a Ground upon the
Sand, and are left quite dry. I faw above three
hundred of thefe Flemijh Veffels during the courfe
of this Navigation, which I take to be as fafe as
that of a River, abating for ten Leagues Sailing
when we crofs over from the laft Ifland to the
Mouth of the Elbe. The Tide rifes three Fa-
thom perpendicular from the Mouth bf this
River to Aurenbourg, which lies ten or twelve
Leagues above Hamburg y{o that great Ships and
Men of War may eafily Sail up to Hamburg.

The Paflage from Awfterdaw to Hamburg is;
commonly accomplifti'd in {qvcti or eight dayS *.
for in thofe Seas the Wefterly Winds prevail f0£

tli re a

222 Some New Voyages

three Quarters of the Year. But we were not
above fix days in our Paffage, notwithftanding
that the Mafter of our Ship was oblig'd to lofe a
Tide in producing his Invoys and Bills of Lading
at the Town of Stade, which lies a League off
the Elbe, and where all Ships are oblig'd to pay
Toll to the King af Sweden, excepting the Danes,
who might have an equal Right to claim fuch a
Toll, if they made ufe of the opportunity of
Commanding the Paffage of this River with the
Cannon of Gluefiat.

The Elbe is a large League over at its Mouth,
and at Spring-Tides it has Water enough in the
Channel for Ships of fifty or fixty Guns. The
Entry of the River is very difficult and danger-
ous, by reafon of an infinity of moving Sands,
which render it almoft inacceffible in a Fogg,, as
well as in the Night time ,• notwithftanding the
precaution of Light Houfes Built pretty far out
at Sea.

Hamburg is a large City, Fortified irregularly
with Ramparts of Earth. I pafs over in Silence
the Democratical Government of this Hans Town
and its Dependancies, prefuming you are not ig-
norant of fuch things, fince the Geographers have
given ample Defcriptions of em : And {hall con-
sent my felf with informing you that the Trade
»of Hamburg makes it a coniiderable place ,• and
*eonfidering the advantage of its Situation, one
might readily guefs fo much. It fupplies almoft
all Germany with all forts oi Foreign Commodi-
ties, by the conveniency of the Elbe, which car-
ries flat bottom'd Veffels of two hundred Tun a-
"bove Drefden : And one may juftly fay that this
City is very Serviceable to the Ele&or of Bran-
denburg, in regard that thefe Veffels go up to the
AJpree, and fome other Rivers in his Territories.
The Hamburg Merchants Trade to all parts of the

World,

to Portugal and Denmark.

223

World;, bateing America. They fend bat few
Ships to the Eafi* Indies, or the upper end of the
Mediterranean • but they fit out an infinity of
Ships for Africa, Mufcovy, Spain, France, Portugal,
Holland and England ; and two Fieets every Y ear
for Archangel, where they arrive at the latter
cM of June, and the latter end of Septem-
ber.

This little Reptiblick keeps four Men of War
of fifty Guns, and fome light Frigats that ferve
for Convoys to their Merchantmen, Bound for
the Str eights, or for the Coaftof Portugal or Spain :
where the Sally-Rovers would befure to pick em
up if they went without Convoys. The City is
neither pretty nor ugly ; but moft of the Streets
are fo narrow,, that the Coaches muft flop or put
back every foot. It affords good Diverfion e-
nough ; for commonly you have Plays Adled by
French or Italian Adiors, and a German Opera ;
which for Houfe, Theatre and Scenes, may vye with
the beft in Europe. -'Tis true, the Habits of the
Adorn s are as irregular as their Air and Meen ;
but then you muft confider that chefe two Suit
one another. The Neighbourhood of Hamburg
^s truly very pretty in the Summertime, by rea-
fon of an infinity of Country Houfes, adorn d
with excellent Gardens., and great numbers of
, Fruit-Trees, which by the affiftance of Art pro-
duce pretty good Fruit. But now that I am
Speaking of the Country round Hamburg, I cant
difnuls che Subjed without acquainting you with
one thing that is uncommon. In the Neighbour-
hood of Hamburg there are Fields of Battel,retain-
ing to the Territories of Denmark and Lubeek; in
which private Quarrels are adjufted before an in-
finite number of Spe£t:ators,notice being given by
theSound of aTrumpet fome days before theCham-
pions enter the Lifts, One remarkable Circum-

ftance

1

Some New Voyages

224

ftance is, that the Combatants, whether on Foot
or on Horfe-Back, implore the Mediation of
two Seconds, only in order to be Judges of the
thrufts, and to part 'em when four drops of
Blood are fpilt ,• fo that the Adventurers retire
upon the leaft fcratch. If one of 'em falls upon
the Ground, the Conqueror returns to the Ter-
ritories of Hamburg, and makes a Triumphal Pro-
ceffion to that City, while the Air rings with
acclamations of Joy from the Spectators. Thefe.
Tragedies are not unfrequent ,• for Hamburg be-
ing reforted to by an infinite number of Foreign-
ers and Strangers, fome diforder or other always
happens, which is redrefs'd that way. In for-
mer times, the Danes , Swedes and Germans, us'd
to repair to the above mention'd Fields to adjuft
the Quarrels they had in their own Countries,
where Duelling was prohibited under fevere Pe-
nalties. But the Soveraigns of thofe Countries
have fince Stiffled fuch Pra&ices, by declaring
that upon their return they fhould be as feverely
puniflrd, as if the A&ion had been in their own
Territories.

After flaying five or fix days at Hamburg, I took
leave of that City and fet out for Lubec in a Poll
Waggon , that goes thither every day.
Each place in the Coach is a Crown and a half.
We arriv'd that fame day at Lubec, and when we
came to the Gates, were ask'd who we were,*
upon which every one gave a true account of
their Country and Profeffion ,• but the fear of
being flop d diffuaded me from being fo fincere.
To be free with you, Sir, I plaid the Jefuit a
little,* for having guarded my Confcience with
a good meaning,I roundly told em I was a Portu-
guefe Merchant, and fo got clear by fuffering the
affront of being hooted at for a Jew. In fine,
we were all fuffer'd to pafs without opening our
Portmanteau's. The

to Portugal and Derimark. iif

The City of Lubec is neither fo great nor fa
populous as Hamburg j but its Streets are broader
and ftraighter, and its Houfes are much finer*
The Ships that arrive in this Port are rang'd all
in a row., upon a very pretty Key that extends
from one end of the Town to the other ; and
that in a River, that in my Opinion is deeper
than 'tis broad. The greateft Commerce of this
Place retains to the Bahkk Se^ which is not a-
bove two Leagues diftant. The place from
whence I now Write, is Seated exadly at the
Mouth of this little River • which your great
Ships can't enter, by reafon of a Bar that has
not above fourteen or fifteen Foot Water j
even when the Wind Springing from the Main
fwells this River after the fame manner as the
Tides of the Ocean. To morrow I think to
Imbarque in a Frigat that carries Paffengers from
hence to Copenhagen, provided the Southerly
Winds continue. I have taken the great Cabin
For two Ducatoons, which is not above four French
Crowns. Ducats are the moft current and con-
venient Coin in all the Northern Countries ; for
ftey pafs in Holland, Denfnark and Sweden, and
rial! the Principalities of Germany : But a Tra-
veller muft take care that they are full Weight,
:or otherwife the People will fcruple to take 'e%
:>r at leaft cut off fome Sous in the Change.

To conclude j I have met with good Inns hi-
therto in all the Towns Ipafs'd thro' j and dranfe
*ood Bourdeaux Wine both in Hamburg and Lubec,
rhe People of the Country drink likewife Rhenijh
md Mofelk Wirfbs ; but to my mind they are bet-
er to Boil Carp in than for any thing elfe«
IdieUj Sir, I am now calfd upon to pack up my
^aggage : I hope to {^Copenhagen the day after to
norrow3 iffo be that this Southerly Wind ftands
>ur Friend,, as much as I am., Sir^ToursP &c.

Pp LET-

22 6 Some New Voyages

LETTER III.

Dated at Copenhagen, Sep. i% 1694.

Containing a Defcription of the Port and City
of Copenhagen , a View of the Danifti
Court ; and of the Humours, Cuftoms,
Commerce, Forces, &c. of the Danes.

SIR,

THE South-Eaft Wind that blew when I
Wrote laft, wafted me into the Port of
this good City of Copenhagen ; after which it took
leave of us, and purfued its courfe to the Nor-
thern Countries of Sweden, where its thawing
influence had been expe&ed for fome days. This
little Voyage, which was over in eight and four-
ty hours, afforded me diverfion enough ,• for I
I had the pleafure of viewing to the Lar Board,
or on the left hand, fome Danijh IRes^ which
feem'd to be pretty Populous, if we may judge ol
that from the great number of Villages that I de^
fcry'd upon 'em, when we Sweep 'd along theii
Goaftin clear Weather with a frefti Gale. I take it
the croffing of this Sea muft be fomewhat dan-
gerous in Winter, by reafon of the Banks oJ
Sand that are met with in fome places : For the
Nights being long, and the Winds high in thai
Seafon, no Precaution whatfoever would rid irn
of the fears of running upon the Sands, till]
arriv'd at this City.

As foon as I fct my foot on Shoar, the Waiter
came and view'd my Portmanteau's, in whicl
they found more Sheets of Paper than Piftoles

Th(

■

to Portugal and Denmark, ny

The next day after my Arrival, I waited upon
Monfieur de Bonrepauxy who was then in the
Country for the recovery of his Health: And
tor want of whom the Navy of France has fu-
ftain'd an irreparable lofs. This done, I re-
turn'd to this City, which may juftly be lifted
in the number of thofe that we in Europe
call great and pretty. 'Tis well and regularly
Fortified, and 'tis pity 'tis not Wall'd with Stone,
which is likewife a defe£t in the Cittadel that
commands the Mouth of the Harbour. Copenha-
gen has one of the beft Harbours in the World ,
for both Nature and Art have confpir'd to flielter
it from all Infults. The City ftands upon a
fmooth level Ground, the Streets are broad, and
almoft all the Houfes are three Story high, and
built of Brick* Here you may fee three very
fine places j and amongft the reft, the King's
Market, fo call'd from his Statue on Horfe-Bacfc
which-k there ere&ed. This Place is furrounded
with fom§ fine Houfes, and Monfieur deBonrepaux
Lodges in one of 'em, which is very large ; and
indeed thai; Ambaffadour has occafion for fo great
a Houfe, confidering the numeroufnefs of his
'Retinue. The Magnificence of his Table is fuit-
>ble to the Grandeur of his Equipage : And eve-,
ry body pays him the honours and efteem that
his Chara&er merits. But I'll infift no longer
upon that Head.

The City of Copenhagen is very advantageoufly
Seated, as you may fee in the Map of the Ifleof
[Zealand* and lies very conveniently for Mer-
chantmen which come without any difficulty up
to the Canals or Ditches that are cut thro' it. It
contains very fine Edifices j particularly the
Churches of Notredame and St. Nicholas, which
are both great and fine. The round Tower paffes
;Tor an admirable piece of Archite&ure, and has
PP* a

2 2,8 Some Hew Voyages

a Stair- Cafe upon which aCoach may drive up to
the top. TheLibrary which ftands in the middle of
the round Tower is well Stock' d with Books and
valuable Manufcripts. The Exchange is an ad-
mirable Fabrick, in regard both to its length,
and its Situation in the pleafanteft part of the
Town. As for the Royal Palace,its Antiquity re-
commends it as much to me,as if it Had beenBuilt
after the Modern way : For in theMaffyFabrick
of a Gaftle, 'tis enough if the due Symmetry of
Proportion be obferv'd. The Furniture and Pi-
dures in this Caftle are admirably fine ; and the
Royal Clofet it fill'd with an infinity of very cu-
rious Rarities. In the King's Stables there is now
but a hundred Coach-Horfes, that is, thirteen
or fourteen Set of different forts and fizes ,• and a
hundred and fifty Saddle-Horfes : But both the
one and the other are equally fine. Chriftians-
Fawc, the Second City, is fever'd from Copenha-
gen by a great Canal of running Water. The
Royal Palace of Rozemburg, which ftands at one
end of the City, is adorn d with a charming
Garden.

I come now to give you the Characters of the
Princes and Princeffes at the Court of Denmark
JTis needlefs to take notice of the Valour and
Vigiiancy of the King, for the two chief Quali-
ties of that Monarch are fufficiently known tc
all the World. I (hall therefore only acquaint
you that he is a Perfon of great Judgment anc
Capacity, and intirely Wrap'd up in the Inte-
refts of his Subje&s, who look upon him as theii
Father and Deliverer. He has all the Qualitiei
of a good General, and is affable and generouj
to the laft degree. He fpeaks with equal facility
the Danifi, Sivedifo, Latin y German, English anc
French Languages. The Queen is the moft Ac-
complilli'd Princefs in the World ; and lo I hav<

faic

■

to Portugal and Denmark, 229

faid all in all. The Royal Prince is a Son wor-
thy of fo great a King for his Father, and fuch a
good and vertuous Queen for his Mother ; as you
have heard it proclaim'd by as many Tongues as
there are Heads in France. He is a Matter of
Learning, and has a quick Apprehenfion joyn'd
to a fweet Temper. His Manners are as Royal
as his Perfon, and all that fee him wifh him that
Profperity and Happinefs that his Phyfiognomy
promifes. P rince \Chrift Han is a fweet lovely Prince,
as well as Prince Charles his younger Brother : A
certain Air of Affability fits upon their Fore-
heads and charms Mankind. Prince William the
youngeft Brother is a very pretty Child. Prin-
cefs Sophia, who is commonly call'd the Royal
Princefs, has truly a Royal Air : She is Handfome,
Young, well Shap'd and Witty as an Angel ;
Which is enough to entitle her to aPreference be-
fore all the Princeffes upon Earth, not to menti-
on a thoufand other good qualities, the Relati-
on of which would prove too bulky for a Miffive.
Let's therefore call another Subject

One may live in this Country for almoft no-
thing, notwithftanding that good Fifti is fome-
what dear : In the beft Ordinaries about Town
you pay but fifteen or fixteen Sous a Meal. The
Butchers Meat of this place is neither fo juicy
jtior fo nourishing as that in France ,• but their
poultry, their frefh Water-Fowl, their Hares and
their Partridges are exceeding good. The beft
Claret cofts but fifteen Sous a Bottle. A Hack-
ney-Coach may be hir'd for a Crown a day,
*and fixty Litres a Month. The Water of this
place is muddy and heavy., and for that reafon
#ve have recourfe to the Beer, which is clear and
wholefome, and very cheap. The French Refu-
gees in Copenhagen are allow'd the free exercife of
their Religion, under the direction of Monfieur
Pp 3 de

1 3 o Some JSlew Voyages

de la Placette a Minifter of Beam, who has a very
good Penfion from the Queen, for Preaching in
a publick Church, of which her Self is Protedrefs.

Commonly the King paffes the Summer at his
Country Seats, iomztimzs ztTegresburg, fometimes
at Fredericsburg, and fometimes at Cronenburg.
There's fcarce any Prince in the World that has
better Acccommodation for Dear-Hunting, than
the King of Denmark ; For all his Parks are full
of broad Roads for purfuing the Chace ; befides
that, the Danifh Horfe have a long ftretch of a
Gallop, which is very convenient for Hunters ;
and the Dogs of that Country are fcarce ever
faulty. The King's Table is as nobly Served up,
as you can well imagine : So that when he re-
turns from Hunting he finds a frefh Pleafure in
feeding on Angelical Fare. He is frequently im-
ploy'd in reviewing his Troops, and vifiting his
Forts, Magazines and Arfenals ,• and fometimes
he goes a Fowling with his Courtiers. About
two Months ago I faw him Shoot about a quar-
ter of a League out of Town : Upon which oc-
cafion a Wood Fowl as big as a Cock was plac'd
upon the top of a Maft, and the King Shot at it
firft and took away a piece of its Neck with his'
Ball ,• after which his Courtiers Shot fo dexter* s
oufly that there was nothing left but a little
bit of the Fowl, which the King hit at laft, afcer
a great many Sports-Men had attempted it in vain*

Moft of the People in this place underftand
French ; and perhaps the Gentlemen of the Roy-
al Academy are not better Skill'd in the Purity
and Delicacy of that Language, than the Coun-
tefs of Fri&dand ; who by her Wit, Birth and
Beauty is juftly accounted the Pearl and Orna-
ment of the Court. The Duties are a proper
fort of People ,• they are civil, honourable, brave
and active. They have fomewhat that's very in-

gaging

■

to Portugal and Denmark. 23 1

gaging in their Carriage, and bears an Air of af-
fability and complaifance. I take 'em to be a
fenfible thinking fort of People, and free of that
unfufferable affe&iation and vanity that gives
a difrelifti to the A&ions of other Nations : At
leaft 'tis apparent that a. difengag'd genteel
Air fliines thro' all#their AAions. The Danijh
Ladies are very handfome and lively ,• generally
they are very witty and brisk, and a fparklinggay-
ety hangs very agreeably about 'em,notwithftand«
ing that the nature of their Climate do's not pro-
mife it. The DanijhMen complain that they are too
haughty and nice in their Conduct ; and indeed they
havereafon to charge 'em with a fcrupulous nicety ;
but as for their Pride I know nothing of it. They
receive almoft no vifits, and 'tis alleg'd that the
reafon of this referv'dnefs proceeds not fo much
from the defign of avoiding the occafion of Tem-
ptation, as from the fear of being Scandalis'd ;
for Slander reigns in this Country as much as elfe-
where. In fine, they have more Vertue and
Wifdom than they Ihould have, in bearing the
Sighs of Lovers without being mov'd. One may
fee 'em often enough at the Houfe of Mr. dt
Guldenlew, the King's natural Brother and Vice-
roy of Norway. That Gentleman, who indeed
is one of the Statelieft Men in Europe, takes plea-
fure in keeping a Table every day for eighteen
perfons, and regaling the Ladies and Perfons of
Quality. After Dinner the Gentlemen make
Matches to Game or Walk out with the Ladies.
The fame Entertainment, and the fame fort of
Company is to be met with at the Count de Re*
venclaws, who is look'd upon as one of the moft
Zealous and Capable Minifters that the King
has. Thefe Dinners or Entertainments are fome-
what too long for me, who am accuftom'd to
Dine Poft, I mean, to fill my Belly in five or fix
Pp 4 Minutes

::;

% 1 % Some New Voyages

Minutes :t for commonly they laft above two
hours. The excellent Meffes which are then
Serv'd up in great plenty, Feaft at once the tafte,
the fight and the fmelh For ; in fine,there's no dif-
ference between thofe Tables and the belt about
the French Court, unlefs it be that the former
have great pieces of Salt Beef let upon 'em ; and
I truly think the Danes would be Guilty of an
indifcreet A&ion in eating of it fo heartily, if
they did not take care to wafh the Salt out of
their Throat with good Liquor,

Among the different forts of Wine that are
commonly drank at Copenhagen, the Cahers and the
Tontac are the only Wines that fuit a French Mans
Palate. It feems to be an inviolable Guftom in
all the Northern Countries, to fwill down two
or three good Draughts of Beer, before they turn
to Wine, which they value too much to fpojl it
with Water. I am told that in former times they
us'd to fit four ot five hours at Meals, and drink
J>riskly all the while, in fpiteof the threats of the
Gout. But now adays that cuftom is in difufe ;
befides, the GlalTes are fo fmall and the number
of the Healths fo moderate, thac they rife from
Table in very good order : Not but that fome-
times upon extraordinary Solemnities, the Guefts
lye under an indifpenfible Obligation to drink
huge Bumpers in certain Welcomes ,• which in an-
cient times were in ufe among the Grecians under
the name of <iy$* J^'ipovcs. I tremble when
1 call to mind thefe Bumpers, ever fince a fatal
accident befell marabout two Months ago in Mr.
ae GiiUenkws Houfe : That Gentleman regal'd
fome eighteen or twenty Perfons of both Sexes,
in Solemnising the Birth .of his Children ,• and
Fate would have it fo that I had rhe honour to
L;* one of the Male Guefts, who were all oblig'd,
excepting Mr. de Bonrepos, to drink two dozen ot
Bunipeis to the Health of the prefent and ahfent

ChiW

-

to Portugal and Denmark. 235 ;

Children; I proteft, I was very much out of
Countenance, and would have almoft chofe to
drink up the River of St. Laurence, rather than
thefe Fountains of Wine • for there was no pof*
Ability of baulking a Glafs. 'Twas then too late
to reflecft upon the ftrange Pofture I was in ; for
as the Proverb goes, the Wine was drawn, and I
was oblig'd to drink it ; I mean, I was oblig'd to
do as the reft did. However, towards the "con-
clufion of Dinner they put round a great WelU
come that held two Bottles; and all the Gentle-
men were oblig'd to drink itbrim-ful, as a Health
to the Royal Family ; God knows, the defpai-
ring Mariner never trembled more gracefully up-
on the difmal Profped of a Ship- Wrack, than I did
upon the approach of the Bumper. In fine, I
confefs to you, I drank it, but for the latter part
of the Story I beg your Pardon j for I have no
mind to glory in. the Heroick A&ion that I did
in imitation of three or^ four more, who dif-
charg'd their Confcience juft under the Table as
gracefully as I. After that fatal blow, I was fo
mortified that I durft not appear ,• nay, 1 had
a ftrong fancy to leave the Country out of hand,
k and would certainly have done it, if my Pot
Companions and thofe who fhar'd the difgrace,
I had not diffuaded me by an infinity of German
Proverbs that feem'd to applaud the generous Ex-
ploit ; among which the following had the great-
eft influence, viz,. If ive are ajhanid in taking to®
much, we ought to place our Glory in giving it up a-
gain.

The Danijh Gentry live very handfomely upon
their Land- Rents, and the Peafants want for no-
thing, no more than ours, unlefs it be for Mony.
They have a fufficient Stock of Grain and Cac-
tel, which ferves to maintain 'em in a grofs way,
and to psy the Landlord's Rents. Is not it e*-
I nongh that they are well clad and well fed ?

* Pompernick is a
fort of Bread, as black as
a Chimney, as heavy as
Lead, and as hard as
Horn.

234 Some New Voyages

would fain know what advantage the Dutch
Boors reap from their Crowns, while they feed
upon nothing butCheefe and
Butter-fpread upon * Pomper-
nkk. It their Crowns and
Dollars ferve only to pay
the Taxes of the Republkk,
they muft be very Blind in
hugging a Shadow of Liberty, which they pur-
chafe at the expence of the Subftancethat main-
tains both Life and Health.

The beft thing the Danes ever did, was that of
fetting their Kings upon the fame Foot as they
now are. The Prince that fways the Scepter at
prefent, exercifes an Arbitrary Power with as
much Equity as his Predeceffor. Before their
Government was reduc'd to this happy lay, the
Kingdom was overrun with faftious Clubs and
Civil Wars ; the State and Society it felf was all
in diforder ; the Grandees crufli'd the inferiour
Subjects, and even the Kings themfelves were
oblig'd to ftoop f if I may fofpeak) to the Laws
of their Subjects. In a word, their Eyes being
dazled with that Phantafm of Liberty, which by
a treacherous luftre impofes upon feveral other
Nations ,- they were thereby render'd Slaves to
fo many petty Kings, who afted like abfolute
Soveraigns without fearing the limited Power of
their Monarchs.

At prefent, the King of Denmark's Revenue
amounts to five Millions of Crowns. This I
know to be a juft and true State of his Treasu-
ry : He maintains near thirty thoufand Men of
regular Troops, in good order, well difciptin'd
and well pay'd ; befides the Militia who are al-
ways ready to March upon a call. Nay farther,
he may raife fonrty thoufand Men more, upon
occafion, without difpeopling his Country. His

Offi-

■

to Portugal and Denmark. 235

Officers are provided for at a reafonable rate, e-
fpecially the Marine Officers who are not allot-
ted, ( as ours are in France, ) any greater Pay
than what bears a juft proportion to the poor
Captains of Foot and Horfe,. who are oblig'd to
pinch hard to aniwer the Charges that the Sea
Captains are exempted from, 'Tis faid, the
King of Denmark finds his account in letting out
his Troops to his Allies, not with regard to the
Mony pay'd on that account, but in regard that
by this means he keeps his Troops in exercife,
inures 'em to the hardfliips of War, and makes
'em compleat Mailers of the Military Art ,• in
order to make ufe of 'em upon occafion. You
muft know, Sir, his Danifh Majefty is above that
ridiculous Scruple that moft other Princes make
to imploy Foreigners or thofe of another Religi-
on in their Service. The Mejfieurs de Cormaillm9
Dumeni, V Abaty and feveral others have confi-
derable Pofts in his Army, notwithftandlng that
they are French Aden and Tapifts. From hence it
appears that this Monarch is convinc'd that Men
pf Honour will rather differve their Religion
than ad: counter to the Fidelity due to their Ma-
tter : And to be plain with you, I believe the
King is in the right of it : For fince the Founda-
tion of all Religion confifts in the Fidelity we
owe to God, to our Friend and to our Benefa-
dor ,• nothing will be able to unhinge a Man of
Honour, or to tempt him to ad contrary to his
Duty. 1 will not pretend to meafure the adions
of others by my own Standard ,• but for my own
part, I affure you if I had lifted my felf in the
Service of the Turks, with the liberty of conti-
nuing Popifli ; and if Orders were iffued forth
for laying Rome in Aikes, I would be the firft
Man to let fire to it, in obedience to the Grand
Seignior's Orders. But we have enough of that.

The

^3^ Some New Voyages

The Danijh Laws, contain'd in the Latin Book
Inow fend you, will appear to you fo clear/ fo
diftinca, and fo wifely Concerted, that they'll
leem to have proceeded from the Mouth of St.
Paul : You'll find by them that this Country do's
not countenance Solicitors, Barrifters, and the
reft of the litigious Tribe. I own indeed that
the Law relating to Man-Slaughter is unreafon-
able. • for you'll find that by the Penalty therein
ena&ed, a Man that kills his Enemy runs much
the fame rifque as if he had fuffer'd himfeif to be
killd.

The Court of Denmark makes as good a Fi-
gure in proportion to its Greatnefs, as any other
Court in Europe. The Lords and Courtiers have
very magnificent Equipages ,• and which is fin-
gulaiy none but thofe of the Royal Family are
allow'd to give a Rediivery. The time of ap-
pearing at Court is from Noon to half an hour
after one, or thereabouts,- during which time
the King appears in a Hall fill'd with very fine
Gentlemen. Here you'll fee nothing but Im-
broidery and Lace after the neweftFafhion. The
Foreign Minifters make their appearance at the
fame time, for the King do's 'em the honour of
hearing them Talk with a great deal of Pleafure,
There are but few Knights of the Order of the
Elephant to be feen at Court, by reafon that the
Dignity is beftow'd only upon Perfonsof thefirft
Rank. This Order may juftly be calfd the no-
bleft in Europe, and lefs degenerate than the reft ;
infomuch, that of thirty four Knights Compani-
ons, which make up the Compliment of the Or-
der, three fourths are Soveraign Princes. The
Order of * Danehrouk is more
i ^nffe#^#x common, and confequent-

tbe White Order. i i r rj Li i > r

1-y lefs confiderable ,• tho af-
ter all, the Knights inverted with that Collar,

are

~

t Guldenlew fignifies
a Golden Lion.

* Which is equivalent
to the German High-
nefs.

The deleft Serves

to Portugal and Denmark. 2 j 7

are intitled to feveral great Prerogatives and
marks of Preheminenc£.

The natural Sons of the Kings of Denmark,
bear the Title of t Gulden*
lew and High Excellence, *
and their Ladies are di-
ftinguifh'd by the Compel-
lation of High Grace. The
prefent King has two natu-
ral Sons, whofe Merit leaves
all Expreffion far behind it.
in France with all imaginable Applaufe. The Se-
cond who is but fifteen years of Age and conti-
nues here, is a very promifmg Youth : He has a
wonderful deal of Senfe and Wit ; his Perfon is
Handfome and well Shap'd ,• he is poffefs'd of all
the Qualities that ingage the tender Sex ; his
Meen is perfe&ly charming ; in a word, he is
one of the compleateft young Gentlemen I ever
faw. He is nominated High Admiral of Den-
mark * and, which is very furprifing, he is bet-
ter vers'd in thzMathematicks and the Art of Build-
ing Ships, than the ableft Mailers. In the King
of Denmark's Dominions there are two Popifh
Churches publickly Tolerated ,• one at Glucfiat
and the other at Altena.

The Air of this Country is very wholfome for
thofe who live foberly ,• but it has a contrary ef-
fedt upon difcontented Perfons The only Dif-
eafe they complain of is the Scurvy ,• which the
Phyficians impute to a foul naffy Air loaded with
an infinity of thick and condenfated Vapours,
which joyn their Forces upon the Surface of the
Earth, and infinuate themfelves into the Lungs
along with the Air : They plead that their Air
thus polluted, joyns in with the Blood, and re-
tards its Motion in fo much that it congeals, and
fo gives rife to the Scurvy, But with the leave of

the

2 3 8 Some TSlew Voyages

the good Do&ors, I'll take the liberty to Vindi-
cate the Air of this agreeable City, and beg em
to confider that the impreffions of the Air upot
the Mafs of Blood are lefs forcible than thofc oi
the Aliment. If the Scurvy took its rife from
the unfavourable Qualities of the Air ; by confe-
quence every body would be equally liable to it j
but this we find to be falfe, for that three quar-
ters of the Danijh Nation are clear of that Di-
ftemper. The Argument I now offer is groun-
ded on the Obfervations I made upon all the Sol-
diers that dy'd of that Difeafe at the Forts of
Frontenac and Niagara in the year 1687 (which!
j h r . imparted to you in my

*ft %&2?'JZ * Letters Dated the nex^t
iriftt. year,) In thole Forts we

have the pureft and whol-
fomeft Air in the World ,• and for that reafon it
ftands more to reafon to attribute the Invafion of
the Scurvy^ ( which then reign'd) to the nature
of the Aliment ,• I mean, to the Salt Meat, But-
ter and Cheefe, as well as to immoderate Sleep
and want of Exercife. This account of the
matter will be back?d by all who have made long
Voyages, when they confider the terrible havock
that the Scurvy makes upon the Ships Crews. I
conclude therefore that the frequency of the
Scurvy is owing to bad Vi&uals, purfuant to the
Opinion of a very fenfible Gentleman whom I
credit very much. This Gentleman reprefented
one day, that fuch acid Food increafes the aci-
dity of the Blood ; and fo it comes to pafs that
the Blood of Scorbutick Perfons is deftitute of
Spirits ; or at leaft, its Spirits are fo thin and
fcanty that they are eafily abforbed and invelop'd
by the prevailing acids, and by that means put
under an impoflibility of exciting Fermentations.
As for the influence of immoderate Sleep and

long

to Portugal and Denmark. 239

long Reft, all the World knows that they have a
great tendency to the obftrudion of the Inteftines,
and promote the Generation of Crude Juices, in
cramping the Senfible and wonted Evacuations,
partly by the flower Motion of the Spirits, and

Eartly by the Infenfible Tranfpiration of the Su~
limer Particles. From thefe Remarks I con-
clude, that frefli Meat, good Porridge, regular
Sleep, and moderate Exercife ( ad ruborem nm ml
fudorem) are Antidotes againft the Scurvy, and
the beft Corredives of the Mais of Blood, whe-
ther by Sea or Land.

If this digreffion, Sir, feems too long ; I would
have you to impute it to my earneft defire, of
direding you how to ward off that ugly Diftem-
per, when you come to undertake any long
Voyage. I would not have you think that I have
thus interrupted the thread of my Difcourfe,
with intent to prove that the Air of this Ifland
is better than that of Portugal : That's a thing I
know nothing of ; for whatever Air I breath in,
I am (till equally well. Tis true, the incon-
ftancy of the Weather might affed me in fome
meafure, if I were oblig'd to pafs the remainder
5 of my life in Copenhagen ,• for here we have fre-
quent inftances of the Weather's changing three
or four times a day, and fhifting from cold to hot,
from dry to wet, and from clear to cloudy.

I had the honour to pay my profound refpeds
to the King of Denmark at his Gaftle of Frede-
ricksbourg , upon the occafion of his Inftalling
fome German Princes by Proxy in the Order of
the Elephant. That Ceremony which indeed
was very pretty, drew thither a great confluence
of perfons of a diftinguifliing Charader ,• parti-
cularly all the Foreign Minifters who were proud
ofaflifting at the Solemnity. Some days after
that Prince went to take the Air u Gnmtngbwrg,

which

240 Some TSlew Voyages

which ftands diredly upon the fide- of the ftreight
call'd the Sund. This Caftle has a regular For-
tification, being Wall'd with Brick, and cover'd
with a^ great number of wide bore'd and long
Culverines, which command the entry of the
Streight, that I take to be the breadth of Three
thoufand five hundred Geometrical Paces, that is
to fay, a large French League. Here you have the
pleafure of Seeing an infinity of Foreign Ships
pafs to and again between the Ocean and the
Bakkk-Sea ; And in regard that the Guns of Cro*
nengbourg are the Keys of this Port, all Foreign
Ships lye under an indifpenfable neceffity of
coming to an Anchor at Elfcnor, to pay the Toll
before they go farther. You may allege, per-
haps, that a Numerous Fleet of Men of War
might force their Paflage at the expence of a
little Cannonading : and indeed I own the alle-
gation to be juft ,• but if the King of Denmark's
Navy were at Anchor in the Streight, I am per-
fwaded they would be able to fecure the Pafs.-
and for that reafon you ought not to think it
ftrange that his Damjb Majefty exa#s a moderate
Toll from the Merchantmen of all Nations, ex-
cept the Swedes : At leaft I think he has a better
Title to demand it, than the Grandfignior has in
the Dardanelles. For moft of the Ships that fail
to the Bahick, go to Trade with Lubeck, Branden-
bourg, Dantzickj Pruffia, Courland, Livonia and
Sweden ,• whereas thofe which pafs the Dardanelles
are bound for the Grandfignior 's Ports, and Trade
with none but his own Subjeds. I would fain
know whether the King of Spain would not make
the like pretenfions to a Toll upon the Streight
of Gibraltar, if fo be that Europe and Africa were
fo friendly as to fit a little nearer together. Nay,
put the impoffible fuppofition out of the cafe,
who knows but that Prince may make fuch a

demand,

to Portugal and Denmark. 241

demand, when he comes to have a Puiflant Naval
Force ? This Queftion is not fo Problematick as
you think for. However,, a great many people
are of the opinion that they might eafily avoid
the Toll of the Sund, if they did but fteer ob«*
ftinately through one of the two Belts; But they
are miftaken. Tis true indeed, the thing might
take, if the Sands in the Sea were as fixt as they
are in the Charts ,• but that they are not^ for
the former ftnft in every Storm 3 whereas the lat-
ter ftand for ever in the fame Paper-ftation. Be-
fides there's an infinity of cover'd Rocks, and
irregular Currents, unknown to the
experteft Pilots, notwithftanding the H * B^|#
affiftanee oi their Maps and * Sea- J^ 'charts'
Charts.

To call up another Subject j Suffer Ine to $c*
quaint you that Denmark produces a great many
Commodities which are fold with great Advantage
Co the Englijh and Dutch ; particularly Rye, Corn3
Cyder , Mead, Apples, Oxen, Cows, Fat Hogs $
Horfes, Iron, Copper, and all forts of Timber, es-
pecially Mafts from Norway , which affords
fome of one piece that are big enough fo£
Noah's Ark. In Norway there are fome Silver
Mines, which, 'tis faid, the King might get by^
if he would be at the charge of Digging* The
Norwegians fell likewife the Skins of Bears, Foxes $
Martins, Otters and Elks; but they are not fo
fine as thofe of Canada.

To come to the King of DentnarUs Naval
Force ,• his Fleet which is always^kept in good
order, as well as his Magazines and Arfenals,,
confifts of Twenty Eight Ships in the Line of
Battle, Twenty Six Fregats and Four or Fiv-t
Firefhips j particularly

8 Ships from 80 to 100 Guns*
10 Ships from 60 to 80 Guns.
10 Ships from yo to 66 Guns*

Q q icS fre-

242

He

nets,
fame.

Some TSletP Voyages

16 Fregats from 10 to 26 Guns.
3 Bomb Veffels.
maintains 1800 Carpenters and 400 Gun-
The Sea Captains Pay is not always the
Some have Three Hundred., fome Four
Hundred Crowns a Year. The Captain Com-
modores have five hundred, and the Commo-
dores fix hundred : Befjdes thefe, there are
twelve Marine Volunteers, call'd Apprentices,
who have a hundred Crowns a Year. But after
all, you'll be pleas'd to confider that thefe Al-
lowances are not fo forry as you may think for ;
for in Denmark a Man may live for thirty Crowns,
better than for a hundred Crowns in France.

Befides the above mention'd Fleet, hisMajefty
may, upon occafion, call for twenty four Ships
from 40 to 60 Guns, which his Subjeds are o-
blig d to fit out at his Pleafure, and which are
otherwife imploy'd in Trading to Portugal, Spain,
and the Mediterranean. 'Tis to be obferv'd by the
bye, that a Danijh Ship df fifty Guns may fafely
venture a Broad- Side with a French or Englijh Ship
of fixty, by reafon that their Timber is very
ftrong, and their Guns of a wide Bore. All the
Danijh Men of War are Built with half-flat Ribs^
which occafions their heavy Sailing. Their Mails
are very thick and fhort ,• Short that they may
not bend under the Sails when they Weathei
Capes, ^ Elands, Rocks and Banks in a Stormy
and thick that they may bear the Sails tight, in
doubling thefe Capes, Elands, &c when the
Boifterous Winds furrow the Surface of the Bal
tick. The King of Denmark's Sea Men are wel!
entertain'd, and well pay'd, and have twelve
Crowns Bounty- Mony over and above their Wa-
ges, as foon as the Fleet is laid up. But at the
fame time, you muft know that three thoufanc
Sea Men arc kept in conftant Pay, and lodged ir

an

to Portugal and Denmark. 243

an uniform Row of Barracks in the Streets of
this City.

I (hall conclude this Letter with a View of the
Coin and Current Mony of the Kingdom.

A Bank Rix Dollar is worth 50 Lubec Pence*

A Danifh Rix Dollar goes for 48 Lubec Pence. ,

A Shet Dal is worth 32 Lubec Sous.

A Marc-Iubs paffesfor 16 Stuivers of Lubec.

A Marc Danish is Worth 8 Lubec Stuivers.

A half Mark Damfiis worth 4 Lubec Pence.

One Lubec Penny is worth two Danifh Pence
and. two DamJlj Pence are of the fame value with
fourteen French Deniers^ which is much the fame
with an English Penny - and by this Standard you
may reduce all the above mention'd Denomina-
tions.

A Gold Ducat is worth two Danijh Rix Dol-
lars and fourteen Pence j fometimes 'tis two
Pence under or over. A Rofe-Noble is two Du-
cats. A Silver L&wis or a French Crown pafles in
Denmark for a Danijh Rix Dollar ; and the half
and quarter Crowns obferve the fame proporti-
oil; as well as the Louis d' Ores.
, In the Ifland Of Zealand the Leagues confift of
4200 Geometrical Paces ; the Norway Leagues
are longer, and thofe of Holfiein are of lefs ex-
tent. The Copenhagen Ell is an Inch and a half
.bigger than the French half Ell

am%

S I R,

Tours> &Ci

O

lET-

244 S°me Nw Voyages

LETTERIV,

Dated at <Parisy Dec. zc>. 1694.

Containing a journal of the Authors Travels
jrom Copenhagen to Paris.

I Left Copenhagen three days after the Date of
mylaft,- being accommodated with Mr. <k
Bonrepeaus Coaches, who to avoid the fatigue oi
paffing between the two Belts, had gone before
to Wait upon the King of Denmark at CoUinch
You muft know, that Prince goes thither Pofl
every Year, notwithftanding that his Retinue
amounts to a thoufand or twelve hundred Per-
Tons. Upon that occafion, the Boors oi the
Villages adjacent to the Road, are oblig'd tc
bring their Horfes to certain Places at an appoin-
ted hour, in order to draw the Coaches and
Waggons that qontain that numerous Retinue,
with their Baggage. Tho' thefe Horfes are lit-
tie, yet they are ftrong, vigorous, tidy, infenfi-
ble of cold, and fo very light, that they'll gc
you a good Trott as faft as a Gallop. The Stage-
for ftrifting the Horfes are two or three Leagues,
as well as chofe for the Horfa-Guards which con-
dud the King from place to place, and are re-
liev'd every Stage.

We let out from Copenhagen Sept. ij. and arte:
three hours Travelling, arriv'd at Roskild, whicl
makes fix of thofe Leagues of which twenty go<
to a degree; We pafs'd fo ipeedily that we ha<
only time to view the Tombs of the Kings o
Denmark, while the Boors put freih Horfes in tin

Coaches

■

to Portugal and Denmark. 245

Coaches. Thefe Marble Maufokums are a finifli'd
piece of Architecture^ and adorn 'd with Bajfe
Releivos and Latin Infcriptions. The fine Marble
of which they are Built, is very well Polifli'd,,
being that of Paros, and Africa, and that call'd
Brocatelle, Serpentine and Cipellino. The Tombs
are plac'd in the Chappel of an ancient Church,
that belong'd to the Benediflins before Luther s Re-
monftrances. The fame very day we came to
take up our night's Lodging in a Village near the
great Belt ; having enjoy 'd the pleafure of view-
ing by the way, fome admirable Land-Skips.
.IvText day at eight a Clock in the Morning^ we
^arriv'd at the Town of Cortos, which ftands upon
the Chops of the above mention'd Streightj
and is Fortified with Earth,

As foon as we Imbarqu'd in the Yacht that lay
ready for Mr. de Bonrepau, we 'fee Sail ; but in
croffing thefe four Leagues of Sea, the Wind was
fo low and the Sea fo calm, that one might have
drank Bumpers upon the Deck without fpilling.
We no fooner landed at Nibourg, a little paltry
place regularly Fortified, than we took Coach,
and fet out for Odenz>ee, the Capital City of Fio-
^nia, where we lay that Night. Odenz.ee ftands in
ithe middle of that Ifland, which is one of the
moll fertile Territories of Denmark The Ca-
thedral Church is as handfome as 'tis large. In
former times this City was the Refidence of the
Kings of Denmark, and the Inhabitants were fo
Barbarous as to murder one of their Princes. The
Nobility of the Ifland vye withlthofe of Venice
-for Antiquity; efpecially the Family of Trool,
which fignifies Sorcerer, and which bears a Devil
Sable upon a Field Gules for their Arms:
From whence I conclude that this Leo Rugiens
was more tradable and illuftrious in the Primi-
Qq 3 tive

I

24^ Some New Voyages

* An old Votard that
advances a thoufand idle
Whims, which are e~
nough to turn a Woman s
B'tains.

tive times, than in thofe o£
the * Author of the Seven
Trumpets, or elfe the Anci-
ent Nobility would not
have glory d in placing
him in their Coats of Arms.
The iSth we fet out for Midelford, where we
Found a Barque that wafted us over from the far-
ther fide oi the little Belt, after halting two
or three hours in vain, for the coming up of the
Waggons with Mr. de Bcnrepaus Domefticks and
Provifions. Asfoonas we crofs'd cver,wereceiv'd
Advice that they had mifs'd their way ; but we
were fo pinch'd with Hunger that we were forc'd
to go to a Farmer's Houfe, and drefs with our
own Hands fome Broil'd Meat and Pan-Cakes,
that we eat without drinking ,• for our Landlords
Beer was as Wretched as his Water. Some time
after the Ambaffadour's Equipage Arriv'd ; but
'twas then to very late that we were forc'd to tar-
ry all nights: in that Houfe of Martyrdom. The
next day we arriv'd at Coldinck, where the Magi-
strate took care to provide Lodgings for the Am-
baffador in one of the belt Houfes in Town.
Three or four days after, the King arriv'd at the
fame place.

This little Town is Seated in the Country of
Jutland, upon the Banks- of a fallow Gulf that
is Navigable ouly by Barques : But at the fame
time, 'tis very confiderable upon the account of
the Toll for Cattel that's pay'd at that place,
and brings into the Royal Treafury near two
hundred thoufand Rix Dollars. The Caftle is
an ancient Pile of Stone, that contains a great
many Rooms : But 'tis Situated to great advan-
tage, for it Hands on an Eminence that affords
you a View of all the Country round. The
Daves would have us believe upon their Word,

that

to Portugal and Denmark. ±\?

that an Angel was fent from Heaven to the great
Hall of this Caftie, to acquaint Chriftian III.
King of Denmark, that God was ready to receive
him after three days. They add, that in order
to perpetuate the Memory of this miraculous Vi-
fion, the very place where this Heavenly Ambaf-
fadour had Audience of the Prince, was took
notice of, and a great Poft was fix'din it, which
I faw every time I went to Court ,• for 'twas in
that very Hall that the King made his publick
Appearance all the time he was at CoUinck.

We took leave of CoUinck on the 242^, and
Arriv'd on the 2 yfi at Rensbourg, after pafling by
feveral little Towns and Royal Seats, the De-
scription of which would be too tedious. I
feall only tell you by the bye, we have a great
deal more pleafure than fatigue in Riding Poft
in this Country, whether in Coach or Waggon,
by reafon of the evennefs of the Ground, which
affords as few Stones as Mountains. As foon as
the King Arriv d at Rensbourg, he reviewed the
Fortifications of the Place, which may eafily be
made one of the beft Forts in Europe. Then he
review'd a Body of Foot and Horfe, and had a
great deal of reafon to be fatisfied with their ap-
pearance. After feme days he fet out for Glue-
fiat, a littld- Town upon the Elbe ; almoft as re-
gularly Fortified as the laft I fpojke of. In the
mean time Mr. de Bonrepau, who could not fol-
low that Monarch, by reafon of feme Bufinefs
he had to adjuft with the Abbot Buhl at Renf-
bourg, gave me recommendatory Letters to feve-
ral Perfons, who he thought would be able to in-
fluence Mr. de Vonchartrain : But he wasmiftaken
in his Conjedure, as you'll fee prefently.

After taking leave of the Ambaffadour, I went
to Hamburg, where I was inform'd that Count
Canific, the Emperor's Envoy extraordinary- to

Qq 4

the

%^% Some New Voyages

the Court of Denmark, follicited the Bmgomafiers
to Arreft me. The Surmife feem'd to be not
improbable, for I knew that fome time before h£
had taken up a Prejudice againft me at Fredericf-
hcurg, upon the account of fome Illuminations
that were made in that place ; which obiig'd me
to flie with all expedition to Altena, and tarry
there for a Paffport from the Duke of Bavaria,
without which I had certainly been taken up in
the Spanijh Flanders. I had no fooner received
this intelligence, than I met with the favourable
opportunity of a return Coach bound for Amficr-
dan$3 where I found a place at an eafy rate, with-
out being incommoded with a Croud of Paffen-
ger$j for there was but four of us., viz. An old
Englijh Merchant, a German Lady with her Cham-
ber-Maid, audi. The Journey lafted eight day s:
and would have feem'd eight courfes of Eternity
Co me, if it had not been for the agreeable Con-
?erfation of that lovely Lady, \vho fpoke fuch
good French^ as to exprefs her felf very hand-
fomely. You muft confider, Sir, that the Ways
of" Arabia Deferta are not fo bad as the Roads of
WefifhaUa ; atleaft 'tis certain they are not k> dir-
ty* But the chief inconveniency lies in the Inns ;
for you muft know., all the-publick Houfes upon
die Road are downright Hofpitals j the Land-
lords of which would Starve for hunger, if Fo-
reigners had not the Charity to give 5em a Share
of their Provificns, which they are forc'd to ga-
ther in from the Rich Farmers that live at a di-
ftance one from another. In thefe wretched Re-
treats you muft reft fatisfied in lying upon Straw ;
and all the Comfoit >i poor Traveller has,, con-
fifts in this, that he m^y command his Landlord
&n& LandSad)r, and their Children, togonndrun
where he pleales. If you find a Frying-Pan and
a Kettle to drefs your Meat withal, you're ahap-

py

to Portugal and Denmark. 249

py Man. Wood indeed there's good Store of ;
and their Chimneys being Built fquare,and Han-
ding by themfelves, a hundred Perfons may fit
and Warm themfelves at the Fire.

In the mean time, I admir'd the Patience of
the German Lady, who was fo far from complain-
ing of the Hardftrips of the Journy, that flie
took pleafure in rallying upon the EngUJh Mer-
chant, her Maid and my felf, who were all migh-
tily out of humour. I conjecftur'd from her air
and carriage, that Hie was a Perfon of Quality ;
and I found afterwards I was not miftaken, tor
fince we parted, I heard flie was a Countefs of
the Empire. She was fo well acquainted with
the French humours, that I did not doubt but
that fhe had been at Tarn : But the thing that
confirm'dme in that Opinion, was her talking
fo accurately of the Perfons ofr the firft Quality
about Court ; not to mention that flie had an old
French Servant, a Roman Catholkk5 that could
fcarce fpeak a Word of High Dutch. The Lady
was of a large Stature and well Made ; {he look'd
brisk enough, and her Beauty was fo affecting
that fhe us7d all her efforts in vain, to make me
believe flie was five and fifty years of Age. She
could not endure to be anfwer'd, that her frefh
and lively Complexion gave the lie to her Arith-
metick ,• this flie took for an affront, alledgmg
that the Charms of a Woman beyond fifty, are
too much Shrivefd to caufe Admiration. This,
I take it, is a very fingular and uncommon thing,
for the reft of her Sex are fcarce accuftom'd to
that fort of Language, in regard that they'd ra-
ther their Vertue were attack'd than their Beau-
ty: But whatever be in that matter, ibe feem'd
to be mightily prepoiTefs'd againft the French, in
branding 'em for a light, giddy brain'd, indif-
Greet People, and ftill reflecting upon -em for

think-

.

250 Some New Voyages

thinking meanly of the Germans. a How comes it
f'€ to pafs, faid foe, that the French have the im-
c pudence to deny the Germans the Character of
Witty y and to take 'em for a grofs heavy Peo-
ple ; inftead of acknowledging their juft Title
€€* to folid Senfe and Reflexion, by vertue of
which they dive judicioufly to the bottom of
cc- things? What is it, continued fbe, that the
French require as effential to the Character of
avoir de V efyrit ? Muft we value our felves up-
€C on a lively nefs, and a falfe fparkling Wit that
dazzles with a vain Splendor ? Muftwemak't
cc our bufinefs to procure a ready and fubtle im-
magination, in order to drefs idle Flams in
Gilded Words ? Noj no • that nicety of ex-
cc preffion is but Whip'd Cream : And to fpeak
the Juilice of fhe matter,, we ought to allow
the French a preferable Title to the Science of
c* fpeaking well, and to the Germans a juft claim
€C of going beyond 5tm in juft thoughts. But
this was not all : For flie attack'd the French Pride
fo vigorously, that fhe made Preemption and
Vanity their ordinary and leffer Crimes. This
fliews, fiie had been in France ; to which for a
farther proof fhe added, that the French infulted
the Germans with thefe ridiculous Proverbs ,• <viz,.
This Fellow s asfoolijh as a German * He pvKd a Ger-
man Quarrel with me ,• he takes me for a German.
Suco a Woman would make a good German Woman y
i. e. She is fimple and foolilh. At the fame time,,
I endeavour'd to diffuade her from fuch unfa-
vourable thoughts, by remonftrating that fhe
ought to make a wide diftin&ion between the
fenfible People of France , and thofe who are fuch
fools as to imagine themfelves a Standard for all
other Nations. I intreated her to throw off her
prejudicate Apprehenfions, and to believe that
the knowing part of our World have a profound

efteem

to Portugal and Denmark. 2 j \

efteem for the Germans, and cry up their Merit,
their Probity, their ftrong Senfe, and their invio-
lable Fidelity. In earneft, Sir, the Perfons of
any Note in Germany, have a juft Title to all
thefe good qualities ; nay, the Etymology of the
Word, ( Atteman, i. e. a German ) gives us fome
light as to their Chara&er : For All and Man im-
ports that they are a People capable of any thing,
like the Jefuits to whom fome give the Title of
Jefuifta Omnis Homo, and who are therefore faid
to be Germans, by a Sophiftical way of Punning,
But this is not all that may be offer d on their be-
half; there are a thoufand things that fpeak the
Merit of the Germans. We are indebted to 'em
for the difcovery of the property of the Load-
Stone, without which the New World had never
reaeh'd our knowledg ,• for the Invention of Prin-
ting, which has taught us to diftinguifli Fabulous
Manufcripts from Divine Writings ; for the In-
vention of Clocks, of the Cubing of Guns, Bells,&c.
This gives plain evidence of their diftinguifhing
Induftry and Capacity. Add to all this th&t Ger-
many has produe'd Soldiers, who by their Valour
and Bravery made the Capitol to tremble, after
'defeating the Roman Conjuls, and ftanding the
Brunts of all the Courage and Puiffance of the
Roman Legions ; That it has been equally fertile
ia great Men, in the way of Learning, particu-
larly Juft us Lip fists, Furftembcrg, Mr. Spanheim,
and MelanBhon. All this I represented to the La-
dy * but when I mention'd MdanBhcm, jlie inter-
rupted me, and faid, fhe was furpris'd to find that
the French twitted the Germans with the Vice of
hard Drinking, fince chemfelves flood chargeable
with Plato's Crime. I had almoft made anfwer,
that if the French had the fame relifb of things
with that Philofopher, their only view was to
IpVe^ Superannuated Ladies with as much PafHbn

as

HP-

Iff Some New Voyages

as he did his old Archeanaffa : But I contented my
felf in replying., that the Germans being difobligd
by having the Chara&er of Hard Drinkers thrown
upon 'em,, made their reprifals upon the French,
by fattening upon them the imputation ofHanetonic
Love (Sodomy) with intent to render 'em odious to
the fair Sex. I had no occafion to make any farther
offers in juftification of the French, for the Lady
feem'd to be fatisfied with what I faid. In fine-,
this Lady was fo comely and agreeable in fuch
advanc'd Years, that if Balz>ac had feen her, he
would not have offer'd to fay that he never faw a
handfome old Woman in his life- time. Quefti-
onlefs, that Gafccgne Oracle underftood, by an old
Woman, one of Seventy years of Age ; for I
have feen three ot four that were perfed Beau-
ties at- Sixty, without ever a Wrinkle on their
Faces, or a grey Hair on their Heads ^ andwhofe
Eyes made ftili a retreat for Cupid.

As foon as I arriv'd at Amfierdam, I hir'd the
Roof of "the Night-Boat for Rotterdam • which
lets out every aay at three a Clock at both pla-
ces, in order to convey Paffengers to and again
between thefe two Cities. It coft me a Crown,
which I did not grudge ; for I had the conveni-
ency of Sleeping very quietly all Night upon
the Quilts that the Waterman is oblig'dto furniib
to all PafTengers, who take the Stern-Room,
call'd the Roof The nefct day after my Arrival
at Rotterdam, I took Shipping for Antwerp on
Board of a Hoy, which is a VefTel with flat Ribs,
and Lee-boards- or Wings. The palfage from
Rotterdam to Antwerp is both fafe and eafy, and
runs between the Terra Firma and the Dutch
Iflands ; being favoured by the Tydes. From
Antwerp to Brujfels I made ufe of the common
Pafiage-Boat, which is only a great Boat drawn
by a Horfe. At Briffils I was advis'd to Ride Poft

to

to Portugal and Denmark. 2 5 ^

to Lijle ; becaufe the High- way- men us'd to Rob
moft of the Coaches and Waggons upon that
Road. I comply'd with the Seafonable Advice,
and am now convinced that if I had not done fo
I had certainly been Rob'd. Two days after my
arrival at Lijle, 1 took a place in the Coach which
goes twice a Week to this good City of Paris ;
and arrived here laft Week^ after being fufficient-
ly Fieec'd by theMercylefs Inn-Keepers upon the
Road. Thefe impofing Dogs give as little quar-
ter to a Traveller, that do's not bargain before
hand for what he eats ; as the Waiters of fercnne
do to to thofe who indeavour to run Goods. At
Teronne, you muft know^ they fearch fo narrow-
ly., that they not only turn every thing out of a
Cheft or a Portmanteau., but examine every bo-
dy from top to toe. They fufped your Big-Bel-
ly'd Women moft ,• and examine 'em fo narrow-
ly, that fometimes they Aide their Hand into a
place that was appointed for fomewhat elfe. If
any Traveller has either Snujh, Tea, Indian Stuffs.
or Dutch Books among his Baggage, the whole
Cargo is Conftfcated,

Immediately upon my Arrival in this place, I
repair'd to Ver failles to deliver Mr. de Bonrefaus
Letters : But the Perfons to whom they were ad-
drefs'd, us'd their utmoft Efforts to no purpofe,
in folliciting Mr. de Poncharttain to allow me to
juftify my Conduct at Vlacentia. He anfwer'd
era very coldly, that his Ma jetty's ftiff and in-
flexible Temper would never admit of any Jufti-
fication from an Inferiour in oppofition to his Su-
periour. This anfwer, which in fome meafure
tarnifties the Shining Merit and Judicious Con-
dud: of fo Wife a Prince ; gave me to know that
the Severity of Mr. de Ponchartrain did not pro-
ceed fo much from a Principle of Equity., as from
a SdfF Iroqueje Temper* In the mean time,, I

was

^ 54 Some New Voyages

was like to die for Grief, notwithttanding that
all my Friends endeavour'd to folace me, in ad-
vifing me to raife my Mind above the Shocks of
bad Fortune, till a change of Government hap-
pen d. They did not fcruple to counfel me to
look out for fome Refuge, where f might be fliel-
terd from the Fury of that Minifter, fo long as it
pleafes God to vouchfafe him the benefit of life
in order to allow him time to be Converted. I
delight not in the death of a Sinner, but would have*
him to be Converted, &c. This Paffage affords a
fine Speculation, but I muft own it has but little
Influence on one who is oblig'd to wait fo long
without any other relief than the Treafure at
the bottom of Pandoras Box. Adieu, Sir • I am
to fet out immediately for my Province, where I
fliall only pafs thro' like Lightning. Not to trou-
ble you with what's behind, I conclude with my
plain Compliment, that

I am,

SIR.

Tours, &C.

LET

to Portugal and Denmark.

255

Letter V.

* Near La-
Dated zt*Erleich7July^. 1695. lontan in Baf

fe Navarre.

Giving a View of the Super flit ion and Igno-
rance of the People of Beam ; their addi*
ttednefs to the Notions of Witchcraft, Ap~
paritionsy &c. And the Author s Argu-
ments again ft that Delufeon.

SIR,

DOubtlefs youl be mightily furpriz'd when
you hear I am now in fight of & Coun-
try of which I retain no more than the bare
Name ; but your furprizal will be yet greater
when you're inform a that all the recommen-
dations of Perfons of the firft Quality about
Court could not influence Mr. de Fonchartrain,
whofe Prepoffeffion againft me is invincible. I
left Pari with a melancholy Mind,, and went
to Solace my felf for fome Months in a certain
Province of the Kingdom that you will eafily
guefs at. From thence I made a" trip (height to
Rocbel, where I went on board of a Veffel that
commonly carries Paffengers to Tremblade.
In that Paffage I fell into the Company of a
White Friar, the Hiftory of whom is fo very
uncommon that I can't pafs him in filence.

He calls himfelf Don Carles Bait afar deMendcza3
and js the Son of a rich Gentleman at Bruffels.
He is about three and thirty or four and thiity
Years of Age, and is at leaft as tall and as mea-
gre as I am. He ferv'd the King oi Spkin three
or four Years in the quality of a Captain of

Horfe,

i$6 Some New Voyages

Horfe j and for as much as he ftudy'd the pur-
fuit of Sciences, more than the humouring of
the Governour of the Netherlands 3 his Catholick
Majefty refund him a Regiment that his Father
offer'd to raife at his own Gharge. This denial
oblig'd him to quit the Service : and foon after,
being prefs'd by his Parents to Marry, he went
to Germany and put on a Monks Habit,which he
threw away fome time after. Thofe who gave
me an account of him, affur'd me that he had
taken up and laid down the Habit feveral times.
But whatever be in that matter, he is certainly
one of the molt Accompliftfd Men of this Age*
He is at once perfedly well acquainted with the
fineft Sciences, and with the principal Langua-
ges of Europe. This Chara&er was given him
by the greateft Men in Bourdeaux, who pay'd
him feveral Vifits that I was witnefs to, for we
lodg'd together in that City. But the beft of
the Story is, that the next Day after our arrival
two Merchants of his own Country paid him a
round fum of dry Louifd'ors, part of which he
beftow'd upon the Soldiers in the 7n;w/><tf-Caftle,
who would otherwife never have thought that
an Ecclefiaftick would be fo Liberal to Perfons
of a Military Capacity.- All the Divines, Ma-
thematicians and Philofophers that vifited him,
were fo charm'd with the extent of his Know-
ledge, that they affirm'd that the quickeft and
iliarpeft Man in the World could not acquire an
equal ftock of Learning in a courfe of fixty
Years Study. We ftaid fifteen Days at Bourdeaux,
and during that time he had the Curiofity to fee
nothing but a little Church in the Neighbour-
hood of his Lodgings, and the Trompet-Caftle*
He Read and Wrote inceffantly ,• and as for the
Breviary I believe he had none about him, for
he was neither Deacon nor Prieft. I never could

learn

to Portugal and Denmark. 25/

learn what Order he was of; for when I ask^
him, his Anfwer was, lam a White Monk, and
nothing more.

Both of us took Places in the Bayonne Coach
( for the Friar was bound for Spain ; ) when we
came to Efperon we parted, and I took the Dan
and Bayonne Road. I had no fooner arrived at
the Country Houfe where I now am, than 1
receiv'd an infinity of Vifits that I could eafily
have difpens'd with ,• for within thefe four Days
they have fo fill'd my He^ad with Stories of Gar-
dening, drefling of Vines, Hunting and Fifh-
ing, that I have fcarce a fufficient freedom of
thought to difpatch this Exprefs, and to acquaint
you with the Affairs that oblige me to defire an
Interview with you. But that which troubled
me moft, was the impertinent Folly of our wi-
fer fort of Country-men : For all of em, whe-
ther Priefts, Gentlemen or Peafants, do nothing
but teazeme from Morning to Night with Stories
of Wizards and Witches ,• andlnftance particularly
in you, as being the only Man in the World that
has fuftain'd moft harm from that fort of Cattle j
in fine, they ply me fo hot with their Chimera's/
that I'm affrai'd I fhall turn Magician. The
whimfical Souls affure me in good earneft, that
fuch and fuch a one is a Wizard ,• nay, fomo
fwear the fame thing of themfelves, and others
declare in Confcience that they once were of
that Society, but had afterwards quited the De-
vils Sabbath. I ask'd feveral of 'em the Charms
of that Sabbath, and receiv'd this Anfwer, that
the Sabbath was a Palace accommodated with the bejl
Wines, the niceft Food, the handfomefi Woinen, and
the mofi agreeable Mujick in the World $ That in this
Palace they Drink, Eat and Dance, and do frith the
.fine Ladies, what they might do elfewhere without be-
ing Wmards* In fine, I verily believe, that
R f Beafts

258

Some New Voyages

Beafts are not allow'd to be fo Brutifli as thefe
Fools. Imagination can't reach their Folly ; for
'tis as ufual here to call one another Wizard, as
to ufe the compellation of a Friend elfewhere.
Every body believes the Wizards are fo nume-
rousj that 'tis a Scandal for a Man not to pafs
for one of the Gang,- and fo every one glories
in the venerable Title of a Wizard or Conju-
rer.

Since I came to this place I am taken for an
Atheift, becaufe I tire my felf in inculcating to
the Priefts and Gentlemen, that none but {hal-
low Brains will entertain fuch idle Whims. But
that which throws me into Difpair is the News
that a Man of your Senfe fhould gulp down
fuch monftrous Flams, notwithftanding all the
Arguments that guard off fuch an Opinion. Be
it known to you, Sir , you muft abfolutely
deny the Omnipotence of God, if you efta-
blifti In this World Sorcerers, Magicians, Sooth-
layers, Inchanters, Apparitions, Phantafms, Fa-
miliars, Hobgoblins, and a vifible Devil that
brings up the rear of all thefe Chimera's. To
believe that God makes ufe of Wizards and Ma-
gicians to afflid Men, or blaft the Product of
the Earth, fpeaks a want of Religion, Senfe and
Wifdom. None but Europeans are capable to
credit fuch Phantaftical Stories. In this Coun-
try every body takes pleafure in recounting his,
Vifions, and there's none but who has feen or
heard fome Spirit or other in his Life- time. Few
dive to the bottom of thefe popular Errors ,• and
raoft People would fcruple to believe that thefe
Errors are the Inventions of Idolatrous and
Chriftian P.iefts. The World entertains toq
favourable an Opinion of the Clergy to charge
•em with that Crime ,• and if by chance one
were found who being convince! of t leCheats of

the

to Portugal and Denmark.

2J9

the Priefts makes the Oracles promote the fpung-
ing of Mens Pockets and Womens Thighs, an
infinity of ignorant Souls would ftill disbelieve
him. Believe me. Sir, I confine my Difcourf©
to thefe Ancient Priefts, that I may not give yotx
Offence by refle&ing on the Induftry of the Mo-
dern ,• I have the Pope's Kettle too much in
view to hinder it to Boil, for one Day it may
come to be my laft Refuge > and fo I ought to
hold my Peace. This Subjed would require a
clear and diftind Differtation, and perhaps I
may prefent you with fome fuch thing one of
thefe Days.

In the mean time be pleas'd to know that a
* ftrong Genius will never
fuffer it felf to believe the
exiftence of Sorcerers, &c.
efpecially confidering that
they are all as poor as
Church Rats ,• for how can
we imagine that thefe pre-
tended Mifcreants fliould
have the Courage to truft
tfhemfelves to a Matter who
is fo far from difcovering to
em hidden Treafures, and
a thoufand other things in the Commerce of the
World which might inrich 'em, that he fuffers
em to be Hang'd and Burnt ? Prithee, how
can we believe that God impowers thefe poor
Wretches to raife Storms and overturn the Ele-
ments ? 'Tis alledged that the Devil inveigles
'em by Promifes, and makes Contrads with 'em
under a private Seal ; but from thence 'twould
follow that God invefted the Devil with a Pow-
er to feduce thofe poor Mortals- which at the
fame time he could not do without Authorizing
Lies. To pretend that God Arms the Enemy of
R r 2 Man-

fx.ry. aftr°»g Genius
( Efpnt Fort ) lunder-
Jtand a Man that Fa-
thoms the. Nature of
Things 3 that believes
nothing hut what is ma-
turely weighed by his
Reafon 5 and without any
regard toPrejudice makes
wife Vecifions upon fuch
Heads as he has clearly
canvafs'd.

1 — -^-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^™™»^B»

260 Some New Voyages

Mankind againft Humane Creatures, is a down-
right infulting of his Wifdom. None but airy
Fools can entertain the Wickednefs of Sorcerers,
the Cunning of Magicians, the Power of Con-
jurers, the Apparitions of Spirits, and the So-
veraignty of the Devil, for Articles of Faith :
For fuch Thoughts are only harbour'd by Fools
and Bigots. The Vulgar feed themfelves with
fuch Chimera's; and the Parfons that preach
'em up find their account in all Countries. Do
but mind what I fay, and you'l find I'm in the
right of it. Informer Times the Chara&er of
a Philofopher or Mathematician was a fufficient
Qualification for a Sorcerer. The Savages be-
lieve that a Watch, a Compafs, and a thoufand
other Machines are moved by Spirits; for your
ignorant and clownifh People form extravagant
Ideas of every thing that furpafles their Imagi-
nation. The Laplanders and the Tartarian Kal-
mouks ador'd Strangers for playing Legerdemain
Tricks. The Fire-eater at Tam pafs'd a long while
for a Magician. The Vortttguefe burnt a Horle
that did wonderful things, and his Owner had
enough to do to make his efcape, becaufe they
took him for a Conjurer. In Afia the Chjmifts
are look'd upon as Poyfoners. In Africa the
Mathematicians bear the name of Wizards. In
America the Phyficians are branded for Magici-
ans ; and in fome parts of Europe thofe who are
well vers'd in the Hebrew Tongue are deem'd for

Jews- . -, r

But to return to the Cunning Men of our
Country ; What reafon have we to think that
Men would bequeath their Souls for the imagi-
nary SabbaticVledave of poyfoning Cattle, Waft-
ing Corn with Storms and Hail, and railing fact
bo'ifterous Winds as overturn Trees, and iint.
the Earth of its Fruits. One would think thek

. Difciole:

to Portugal and Denmark. 26 1

Difciples would rather ask Riches of him ,• for
if the Devil is capable of turning the Elements
topfy turvy, and interrupting the Courfe of Na-
tare, why does not his Power extend to the
pumping of Gold from the Mines of Perou, or
engroffing the Treafures of Europe, in order to
give Penfions to his Magical Votaries, who are
as poor as Church Mice ? I know youl anfwer,
That pieces of Silver ivitt turn into 0ak4eaves in the
Hands of the Devil: But that Allegation finks his
Power of working fo many Miracles, and par-
ticularly that which he imparts to the Wizards.
But fuppofing that he is not allow'd to work in
Silver ,• might not fo Wife a Creature as he is
reprefented to be, teach 'em the means to ac-
quire it in the way of Commerce or Gaming ?
What fliould hinder him to condud 'em to hid-
den Treafures, or to fuch as are loft in Ship-
wrack, or at leaft to teach 'em the Secret that
enabled the Pajfetes Magician to recal into his
Pocket all the Money he fpent ? You 1 meet
with fome who maintain, that the Devil us'd
fuch Methods long before the Deluge, to preci-
pitate Men into a Magical Idolatry : Bfit if you
trace fuch Do&ors from Confequence to Con-
fequence, 'twill follow that God was guilty of
a flaming^ piece of Malice, which cannot be.
I would not have you to be furpriz'd in finding
that I deny Magicians as well as Sorcerers or
Wizards ; for if we allow of the one, the other
muft be acknowledg d in Courfe. All the World
tzkesAgrippa for the Prince of Magicians; but at
the fame time he was no more fuch than you.
His Magick lay here. Being one of the great-
eft Philofophers of his Age, and having given
proof of his Knowledge before the Mob of I i-
ons, the Women were fo charm d with it, that
almoft all of 'em employ 'd him to cuckold their
R r 3 Husbands,

%6i Some New Voyages

Husbands, and at the fame time feme Rivai
Monks who pretended to defcribe the Devil's
Art, plac'd him at the Head of the five Popes,
that Berno the Schifmatick Cardinal had the In-
folence to brand for Magicians. But Agrippa's
Book made the fame Impreflion upon the Minds
of Fools with the Conjuring Book and Heptame-
ron of Appono. All thefe Chimera's fpring from
the impertinent Writers of Conjuring, who have
fill'd the World with their Ulufions, either thro*
Malice or Ignorance. I can't look upon the
Books of John Nider de Vujer, of Niger, Sprenger,
Platma, Toftat, and the two Jefuits Deliro and
Maldonat, without curfing em for ever ,• for they
advance Positions fo contrary to Reafon, and
fnconfiftem with the Wifdom of God, that all
Chriilian Princes would do well to call in all
fuch Books and have 'em burn'd by the Hand of
the publick Executioner, without fpairing Bodi-
nm% Demominanm, the Mallet of Sorcerers 3 and the
Seven Trumpets. What reafon have we to believe
that Etic King of the Goths was firnam'd Windy
Hat, becaufe he beekend to the Winds with his
Hat, and made em fliift as he pleas'd ,• That Pa.
racelfm had an Army of Devils under his Com*
mand ,• That Santaberenus fiiew'd to Ba/il the Em*
peror his Son^ alive after his Death ,• That Mm
chael the 8cot\ foretold the Death of the Emperor
Frederic II. That Pythagoras kilfd a Serpent in
Italy by Vertue of fome Magical Words? And
yet thefe Authors vent a thoufand Lies of that
nature; for uncontefted Truths: But what Gervais
fays oXVirgih Brafs Fly Crowns the whole Work,
'Tis a Miracle to me that the Chancellor of the
Emperor Otho iliould have thus exposed himfelf in
advancing a Falihood accompany'd with many
other Lies. From hence we may learn, the Dig-
nity of a Chancellor has not the vertue to entail

Wifdom

to Portugal and Denmark- i6$

Wifdom upon the Fools that brook it. Is it not
commonly given out that theDevil run away with
Prefident Fichon ? Who has not heard of Mar-
flial Luxemburg's Compad with the Devil ? And
does not the World blindly believe that the poor
Curate of Loudun, who was burnt by the Ty-
ranny of Cardinal Richelieu, without any other
Crime than that of incurring his Difpleafure j
Does not every one believe, I fay, that this poor
Curate rais'd a hundred young Devils out of
Hell to poffefs the Bodies of the Nuns of Lou-
dun? What impertinent and childifh Stories
does John Schefer offer in his Hiftory of Lapland?
Is not itveryftrange that the People fliould be
allowd to read fuch Books? Are . not fome fo
foolilh as to credit thefe Chimera's as Articles of
Faith ? And is it poflible for you to difabufe
Jem, or to perfwade 'em that no Man can cure
Wounds by the fpeaking of a few Words, or
that the Men who deal in Charaders do not per-
form all forts of Miracles by vertue of certain
Phials, Garters, &c ? No truly, Sir^you would
never compafs your end if you offer d to teach
>em a Dodrine contrary to thefe received Opini-
ons,- they would hang you for a Heretick, or at
leaft take you for a Magician that by fuch a
cunning fetch mean d to fcreen the whole Ma-
gical Fraternity from Profecution.

Believe me, Sir, all that I now write is pofi-
tively true. The Devil has not the Power to
appear vifibly before our Eyes, and by confe-
quence he cant engage us in his Interefts by a
Magical or Witchcraft Contrad. Such a Sup-
pofition is inconfiftent with the Goodnefs of
God, who does not lay Snares for Men that are
already apt to go aftray. You fee I do not deny
the Exiftence of the Devil ; for I believe he is
in Hell : But I deny that he ever remov'd from
R r 4 the

t,$4 $ome New Voyages

the Regions below, to do mifchief upon the
Earth. As for the Paffages of Scripture, which
you may take for anObje<aion,I anfwer ,• That if
$11 the Places of Scripture were to be underftood
in a Literal Senfe, God would be fuppos'd to have
Hands and Feet, and the Holy Ghofi to talk like
mlroquefe. You muft know, that before the
coming of the Meffias, Daemons were the tutelar
and benign Gods; and the Word cfe/^oW figni-
fies nothing elfe but Good Genius ,• but the E-
wangttifis have ftamp'd upon them an Infernal
Charader, by adding the Epithet, Kako 3 i. e.
Evil : And for that Reafon the good Devils have
been ever fince reputed Evil Spirits, according
%o the Literal Senfe. Sir, you may perceive, I
only infift againft the Exiftence of Sorcerers,
Magicians, Inchanters, &c. which I amthe more
encourag'd to do, upon the Confutation, that
the Interpreters of Holy Writ have given 'em
Titles of Astronomers, Chiromancers, Jfirologers,
||& and in giving the Explication of thefe fyno-
nimous Words, never alledg'd, that they were
the Devil's Scholars.

This Subje<a would require a large Differtati-
pn i for 'tis truly a very nice Point, which I on-
ly pretend to glance upon by the Bye, without
Spending more time in juftifying the Arraigned
Criminals from the guilt of an Imaginary Crime,
jhat 'tis impoffible for them to put in execution.
Believe me, Sir, the Magicians are Rogues that
put a Purfe dexteroufly and unhinge a Door nim-
ply : Your Apparitions i Phantomes , Hobgoh-
Hns and Spirits are Rafcally Varlets, that in the
Night time fted Corn and Fruit, and {dfs not on-
ly the ^Servant-Maids, but fometimes their Ma-
tters Wives :,; Your Indian ters are roving Fel-
lows, and Lovers by Trade, who inveigle
poor Girls under a Promife of Marriage. Your

Sooth-

fiul of the Province of
Beam.

to Portugal and Denmark. i6j

Soothfayers are the Cunning Ecclefiafticks, who
knowing the Foible oi fomeRich men,extort pious
Legacies from em, with their wonted Dexteri-
ty. The Sorcerers are thofe Falfe Coiners, who
abound fo much in our Country, and the Clip-
pers, who pare the Piaftres and the Spamjh Pi-
ftoles fo cleverly ,• for thefe Sabbatic Works are
always performed in the Night-time, and in the
obfcureft Places. All this I offer for your infor-
mation ; and fo ftiall leave you to believe what
you pleafe.

I know the Beamefe are too much inclined to
Superftition, and owe their
By as to the Ancient Mem-
bers of their * Parliament,
who by a ftretch of Cruel-
ty beyond that of Nero3 burnt fo many Innocent
Wretches. If thefe Bigotted Counfellers are
now in Paradife, moft certainly neither you nor
I will ever be fent to Hell : Believe me, Sir, the
Man that's capable of giving credit to the Chi-
meras I now fpeak of, will not ftand to fwallow
a thoufand other Fables that your Men of Senfe
make a Jeft of. I do not pretend to undeceive
the Ignorant Vulgar, for I know 'tis impoffible |
'tisyou only that! want to inftrud:,* for I'm told,
ypu declare, that all the Cats in the Pro-
vince have the honour to be animated by the
Souls of the Ancient Wizards, whofe Alhes have
ferv'd for Lye to the Wartier- women ofPau thefe
many Years. Our Salvation does not depend up-
on the belief of that Article, for I'm fure 'tis no
Article of Faith. Some People are very inge-
nious in frightning themfelves, by conceiving
that the Devil transforms himfelf into a Maftiff,
k Sorcerer into a Cat, and a Magician into a
Wolf- that a Soul retaining to Purgatory, af-
fumes all forts of Shapes, in order to beg Pray-
ers

2 66 Some New Voyages

ere of the Living, who have enough to do to
pray for themfelves. After thefe Crotchets ar£
once lodgM in a Man's Brains,, he's afraid to lie
alone, and the noife of a Rat freezes theBloodin
his Veins - for a Frighted Imagination trembles
at the Apprehenfion of its own Cbimara's ± and
befides the Injury done to himfelf, he does harm
to others, by recounting his Impertinent and
Rediculous Adventures : His Stories meet with a
ready reception, from the weak and fimple fort
of People, and have fuch a fearing influence up-
on the Women, that they are fore'd in their Huf-
bands abfence to get fome body to lie with 'em,
that has the refolution to oppofe the Sorcerers,
Magicians, Apparitions, &c A Young Girl
dares not empty a Tub of Water, unlefs afturdy
Foot-man accompanies her with a Link in his
Hand. In fine, this Do&rine of Sprights is the
fource of a thoufand Inconveniencies, which af-
ford an opportunity to Robbers , Whoremafters
and Profligate Fellows to compafs their Ends.

As for my part, I foiemnly declare, in all the
Countries I have been in, I never faw or heard
any thing fupernatural in the Night-time ; I have
us d my Efforts to fee or hear fome News from
the other World ,• I have crofsd Quebec Church-
yard above a hundred times at Mid-night, in my
way to the Lower City, but never met with any
thing. But fuppofe I had bad fome Phantome
in my view (pardon the SuppofitionJ what d'ye
think I would have done ? Why, I would e'en
have walk'd on very fedately with my naked
Sword over my Arm, if the Spright feem'd to be
on one fide of me ,• and if it had been polled be-
fore me juft in my way, I would have asked it
very civilly, to give me leave to pafs by. You'll
rcP\y> perhaps, that Swords and Piftols are ufe-
iefsinfuch cafes, and that. I own to be true ; but

then

to Portugal and Denmark. 167

then you muft confider, that if it had been &
Spright, a Shadow and Vapour could not wound
me no more than I could wound it ,• and if it
had been fome Living Thing of a Monftrous Fi-
gure, my Arms would have ferv'd to punifli the
Infolent Impoftor. Do but obferve, Sir, that in
all the Stories of Apparitions, Sprights, Fantoms,
Hobgoblins, &c. we never hear of the killing or
wounding of any body. No w,if thefe pretended
Infernal Ambaffadors have fuch tender Hands,
why fhould we fear 'em more than the Light-
ning that ufliers in a Clap of Thunder ? In fine,
a Wife Man ought not to dread any thing but
that which can annoy him either dire&ly, or
indire&ly.

You'll obje<5fc3 perhaps, that a Soldier, who has
fignaliz'd his Courage and Bravery on feveral
occafions, has been known to tremble , grow
pale, and fweat for fear, upon the feeing or hear-
ing of a String of Living Fantoms, that preten-
ded to divert themfelves at hisCoft. I acknow-
ledge that fuch a thing may happen, but it pro-
ceeds from this ,• that fuch people have enter-
tain'd a Notion of Vifions from their Infancy,
without giving themfelves the trouble to enquire
into the poffibility of their Exiftence. In a
word, they have believM what other Bigots be-
lieve of the Power of the Devil. Such men fear
nothing but their own Imagination. But I have
done j time runs, and I am oblig'd to go about
3 little Bufmefs immediately : I wifli I may meet
with no Petty fogger in my way, for that Cattei
is not fo eafy to deal with as Wizards and Phan-
toms.

I defire an interview at Ortez, : The Papers I
now fend along with this Letter, will inform
you of the Bufmefs I want to difcourfe. The
Country I am now in is a very good Country,

but

i

2^8 Some New Voyages

but I do not find Mony ftirring among us, which
in my troth I do not like, for among the Europe-
ans one can't live without Money, as they do
among the Hurons of Canada. I always think of
that Countrey with regret, when my Pocket is
at low water, and my Mind difquieted with
Care and Anxiety, in contriving how to fill it
with that precious Metal, that gives life and fpirit
to the forrieft fort of Men, and infpires 'em with
all Good Qualities.

I am*

SIR.

Tours, &c;

LETTER VI.

Dated at Huefca, July 1 1 . 1 69 5.

Containing an Account of the Authors wonderful
Efcape ; his leing taken up for a Huguenot,
and examine! iy the Ignorant Curates.

I5Ve TcapM for once, but 'twas a very narrow
Efcape, as you may guefs by the Story of my
Flight, which was in fhort thus. I was upon the
point of meeting you according to agreement at
Ortez,, and for that Reafon had been at Dax to
receive fome Papers which feem'd to be of ufe to
me ; when by a matchlefs piece of Good Luck,

to Portugal and Denmark. 269

I met with a Letter from a certain perfon at Ver-
failles. I had no fooner read my Letter, than I
march'd ftraight to my Lodging \ to contrive
within my felf fome way to get fate out of the
Kingdom. You may be lure my Council was
foon affembled, for fuch a Head-piece as mine
does not ufe to fpend much time in Confutati-
ons. I determined to delude my Landlord , by
defiring him to give me an Account in Writing
of the Road to Ageny where I pretended to have
fome Bufinefs. The belt of the matter is, that I
had already got of my Farmers near two hun-
dred Piftoles, and a fine Horfe, which I was
oblig'd to for my lucky deliverance. 1 got up by
the break of day, and defir'd a Guide to conduit
me out of one of the Gates of the City, that
leads a quite different way from that I had in my

Eye-
As foon as I got out of Town, I took the

Road of Or tez,, and avoiding all Villages, fteer'd
upon Heaths, Fields, Vine-yards and Woods, fol-
lowing all By-paths, and lodging in the remoteft
Houfes ; I had no other Guide but the Sun, and
the fight of the Pyrenees, and ask'd every one I
> met upon the Road, which was the way to Pau.
But not to detain you too long with the Particu-
lars of myjourney ,you muft know,I arrived atlaft
at Laruns, the laft Village of Bearnjckvtoted as you
know, in the Valley of Oz,ao. I had fcarce entred
this foolifti Village, when a Company of Peafants
f unrounded me on all fides ; judge you if I had
not reafonto fear that the Grand Provoft was not
far behind ,• but I was miftaken, for the Rafcals
ftop'd me for no other Reafon, but becaufe they
fancied there was fomcwhat in my Countenance
that looked like Huguenotifm * they gave me leave
however to alight at a Tavern,which was fo dark
and full of Srnoak^ that you would have took't

for

27o Some New Voyages

for the Antichamber to Hell ,• and here, yoa
muft know the Parfon was to come to examine
me in Matters of Religion; and that in a
Country where the Priefts underftand as little
tC. ?y believe as their Parilhioners ; For af-
T u anfwer'd hira upon all the Points he
tnought fit to mention, he fwore I was a Hugue-
not ; and upon this, Sir, I was like to have loft
all patience. But confidering I had Beafts to
deal with, I thought my beft way was to ufe 'em
as Beafts ; fo I offer 'd to fatisfie 'em by reciting
the Litany, and the Sunday Vefors , but this Stra-
tagem fail'd me, for they ftill continued obfti-
nate, in proposing to carry me to Vau. Judge
? kJia J?*rPIexity l was in> when the Infamous
3?t£ 3 pfa!ms and the Litanies were the

firfi Prayers the Huguenots learn d to cover their De-
pgn of getting out of the Kingdom, It fignify'd
nought to tell 'em, I was Matter of the Horfe to
Monfieur V Abhee d' kfirees, and that I was going
to that Ambaffador in Portugal ; that was Clamare
m deferto. 'Twas to as little purpofe to threaten
to lend immediately to the Intendant at Pau, to
demand Juftice for the Affront, and for my be-
ing ftopt : All this did not move 'em. At laft,af-
ter a melancholly Refle&ion on the danger I was
in, I refolv'd to try all ways to delude thefe Ig-
norant Creatures ,• though this was no eafy task,
tor they are wholly governed by their Dodors.
And here I think I ought to pray to God to blefs
the firft Inventer of Snuff, for after I had fretted
my lelf two or three Hours in talking to thefe
Varlets, I accidentally pull'd out my Snuff-box,
without thinking of it, and as foon as I open'd it,
one of the moft Civiliz'd Men of the Company
de/ir'dtofee the Pidure on the Infide, which
reprefented a Court-Lady upon a Couch, all na-
ked, with her Hair hanging loofe. As foon as he

had

to Portugal and Denmark. 27 %

had looked upon it, he ftiow'd it to the reft, who
faid to one another in their Bernoife Language,
That it was a Mary Magdalene. At this Lucky
Word, I rouz'd my Spirits, when all on a fudden
the Parfon ask'd me , What the Meaning of the
Pi&ure was ? I made anfwer, 'Twos a Saint that
would take Vengeance of them for an Affront offer dt$
one of her Devoutefi Pforjhipperj : And fo fixing my
Eyes upon the Naked Figure, I made a Prayer to
that Saint with an Elogy ; in which I attribu-
ted more Miracles to her than to all the Saints in
Paradife. This, together with the Exclamations I
made, did fo blind the Company, that they all"
kifsM the Head of the Pretended Saint with a
wonderful Zeal, and from that time I was no
Huguenot, for I ftill continued to invoke the Saint
that in Beam is known to be a worker of Mira-
cles, with the fame fury and difpofition that!
then feign d. Every one ftrove to get my Pray-
ers down in Writing, and all the Peafants now
were at Emulation one with another whofliould
guide me over the Mountains, or who fliould fur-
nifti me with Mules. Such, Sir, is the diverting
Hiftory of the ftrange Effeds of SnuiP: If it is of
ufe to others, to hammer out an Argument by
gaining the time which is fpent in conveying it
from the Fingers to the Nofe, 'twas of great ufe
to me another way, without fo much as expens-
ing it. What a Misfortune it is for an Honed
Man to be under a Necefliry of prophaning the
Saints for the prefervation of his Life ! Tis true,
my Meaning, was good, and I have asked Pardon
of God for it. This fliews that a well manag'd
Lye can produce among Ignorant People even
fuch Effe&s as the Naked Truth cannot compafe.
What pity is it that a Parfon fliould not fo much
as -underftand his Cttecbifm, and at the fame time

fwallow

2/2 Some New Voyages

fwallow down Idle Stories for Miracles ! But this
is the Bifliop's Bufinefs, not mine.

And indeed our Bifliops are much like our Offi-
cers, who are prefer'd more by Favour and Intereft
than by Merit. The greateft part of them are
more induftrious to pleafe their Sovereign than
their God. But a man had as good pretend to
drink the Ocean dry, as to attempt a Reformati-
on ofthefe Abufes.

To continue the Thread of my Adventure,
you muft know, I hired two Mules, one for my
Guide, another for my felf. My Horfe was fo
tired with ftrugling to fave me, that Gratitude
obliged me to ufe him with all manner of civili-
ty and mildnefs; for 'twas no more than what he
deferved by his fatiguing Services. In the mean
time the Night, which feem'd as long to me as an
Age,(fo much I dreaded theProvoft'sGrew) gave
me more leifure than enough to beg pardon of
God for the Contrivance by which I faved my
felf, in making ufe of the Names of his Saints.
In this Condition I was continually peeping at
the Window to look for the dawning of the Day,
but this Village is fo fliut up among the Pyrenees,
that 'tis a hard matter to difcern the Sun in his
Meridian, or the tenth part of the Arch of the
Heavens. At laft wearied with that uneafinefs,
and quite fpent with the Fatigues both of Body
and Mind, I tried to indulge Nature with one
Hours fleep as a recompence for three Days wak-
ing, when all on a fudden I was alarm'd with a
great Noife of Men and Horfes at the Inn-Gate;
the Knocks they gave, and their ftrange Hol-
lowing, freez'd all the Blood in my Veins, for I
thought all the Conftables in the Kingdom were
upon my Back ,• but my Fears prov'd abortive/or
it was only fomeMuliteers going to traffick inSpain.

By

to Portugal and Denmark. ±j *

fey this time Day-light appear'd, andmyGuidd
called upon me, upon which we fet cut, and
join d in with thefe Travellers : That Day we
went as far as Salient, the firft Town in Spam, fe-
ven Leagues diftant from Lawns ; having pafs'd
a Houfe which the Spaniards call digues Caud?s,
that is, the Hot-waters, or a Bath which cure^
a world of Difeafes. When we were got to
Salient, they fhewed us to an Inn , fo dark, that
it feem'd fitter for a Vault to lodge Dead-Carcaf-
fes in , than to entertain Paffengers j my Spirits
were then fo exhaufted for want of f eft, that I fell
afleep immediately , and flept ftanding in a
manner ,• the Beds looking like a Magazine of
Lice, I made them fpread me fome Straw upoxi
the Boards , where I laid my felf down, after
having ordered my Guide to provide for himfelf
what Cheer he lik'd beft , upon the Provifo
that he fhould not wake me, I flept id
this Pofture from Nine a Clock at Night
till Noon next Day without waking * after
which we fpent the reft of the Day in
finding out a forry Meal of Meat ; The nexi
Day after we put on very fmartly, and
came to an Inn where we found good ftore
of Fouls and Pigeons , and upon thefe
we made reprifals for our former 111 Fare,
In fhort, we arriv'd laft Night at this Ci*
ty , which ftands upon a flat low Ground,
at the diftance of Two Leagues from the
Mountains. All I can tell you of the
Country, is,- That from Laruns
Place * we have two and twenty
diftance,^ and upon that Road we
thing but climb up and defcend
Paths, upon which, if the Mule
[tumble, there's an unavoidable neceffity of
rumbling down a Difmal Precipice, My Guide
§ f t ©11

to this
Leagues
do no-
narrow
did hut

2/4 S°me ^ew Voyages

told me, That the Road through the Val-
ley of Afp , is the pleafanteft , fhorteft and
mod convenient; but the way which leads
by St. John de Vied de Vort has this advan-
tage, that there's only Eight Leagues of
Mountains between Roncevaux and the Plains
of Navarre. Upon the whole , I wonder
much that Hercules did not fplit thefe
Mountains for the Accommodation of Tra-
vellers, as well as thofe of Calpe and AbiU
for the Conveniency of Sailers. I fet out to
morrow by the break of Day , in order to
reach Saragoza at Night.

I am 9

SIR,

Tours , &c.

LETTER VII.

Dated at Saragoza3 O&ob. 8,1695'.

Containing a Description of Saragoza ; a View
of the Government of Arragon, and an arc-
count of the Cufioms of the People.

SIR,

I Have been three Months in this good Town
of Saragoza, during which time, I've receive!
feven or eight Letters, charging me with Care-
ieffnefs in not fatisfying your Curiofity : But the
fault lies at your own Door and not at mine }

for

to Portugal and Denmark ijz

for if you had not been fo negligent as to delay
the fending of what I receiv'd this very day,- my
Pen had not trac'd the uneafynefs of my Mind,
inftead of purfuing the following Relation.

SaragozA is the Capital City of the Kingdom of
Arragon : And I can't tell whether I ought to call
it only fretty, or wry petty. However, I'm fure
as a very great City ,• the Streets are broad and
well pavd ; the Htoufes are forthemoft part three
Story high, tho' fome of 'em have five or fix J
and all of 'em are Built after the old Faftiion.
The Market and publick Places are not worth
fpeaking of. In the City there are a great friany
Convents, which are generally very pretty ; as
well as their Gardens and Churches. The Ca-
thedral Church calfd La Ceu is a huge and very
Stately Edifice. The Church of Nueftra Senior*
de V Pilar is but very ordinary as to its Archite-
<fture. ^ The Chappel indeed where that Seniora
ftands is Curious, upon the account that 'tis un-
der Ground. The Spaniards pretend that the Sub-
ftance of which 'tis Built is unknown to all Man-
kind ; but if 'twere not for their affertion, I fhould
have took it for Walnut-tree* This Chappel is
thirty fix Foot long, and twenty fix Foot brcatL
'Tis fill'd with Lamps, BanifterS and Silver Can-
dle-Sticks ,• and befides a great Altar, contains a
great quantity of Feet, Hands, Hearts and Heads,
which the Miracles of that Virgin ^Ax^w to the
Sacred Place : For you know tht Virgin Works
Miracles every day that furpafs imagination. But
the moft folid thing about her, is an infinity of
precious Stones of ineftimable value, with which
her Gown, Crown and Niche are GarnifhU
Befides thefe, there are two Churches here which
were Built by the Goths, and are both Strong and
Beautiful j having veryoretty Vaults, which fliew
of i that

27 6 Some New Voyages

that that People were perfe&ly well acquainted
with Stereometry.

Sarago&a is Seated on the River Ebro, which is
as broad as the Seyne at Paris. It ftands upon
fmooth level Ground, and incompafs'd with a
Wall that's Ruinous in feveral places. The Peo-
ple of Arragon put a mighty value upon a Stone-
Bridge that's over that River ,• becaufe they ne-
ver faw many better : But they have more rea-
fon to value the Wooden-Bridge that lyes a lit-
tle lower, for indeed 'tis one of the fineft in £«-
rope. This City affords Acaie?nies for the exer-
cife both of the Body and the Mind ,• and above
all, a fine TJniverfity that may be call'd the belt in
Spain next to Salamanca and Alcala iesHenares.
The Students are generally Cloath'd like Priefis,
that is, with a long Gloak.

The Duke ie Jovena&o is Viceroy of this King-
dom ,• and as I take it, that triennial Dignity is
more Honourable than Beneficial, fork does not
bring in above fix thoufand Crowns a Year. The
Arch-Biflioprick is worth twenty thoufand
Crowns j but the prefent Arch-Biflhop being a
very good Man, diftributes one third of his Re-
venue among the Poor. Tho' his Birth was ob-
fcure, yet he was Prefident of one of the Coun-
cils of Spain, which perhaps occafion'd that na-
tural Antipathy to the French, that he fliews up-
on all occafions. The Canons of his Cathedral
and thofe of Notre dame ie Pilier, make a hundred
Crowns a Month of their Canonfhips. The
, Minifter call'd * Ell jutikia,

jour# the Courts of Arragon. Tis

from his Hands that the
Kings of Spain receive a drawn Sword, when
they take the Oath to maintain the Privileges of
the Kingdom , upon their Acceffion to the

Throne,

to Portugal and Denmark. 277

Throne. This Ceremony is perform'd in the
Deputation-Houfe, which indeed is a wonderful
Edifice. The Salmedina is a fort of Lieutenant-
General, both Civil and Military. This Office,
which bears both the Gown and the Sword, is
Triennial as well as that of
his Deputy. The f Audi- t Par! foment,
encia confifts of feveral
Counfellours, who are as nice a fort of Men as
our own. Befides thefe, there are five Sheriffs
or Jurates, who hold their troublefome Pofts but
two years, and are properly the Civil Judges
that take care of the Government of the City.-
In fine,I ftiould never have done,ifloffer'dtogive
a particular Lift of all the Offices in thisKingdom.
Bread, Wine, Fowl, Partridges and Hares are
very cheap in this place ,♦ but Butchers Meat is
very dear,and good Fifh is a rarity. The Stran-
gers that Travel this way, are obliged to
Lodge in certain Inns call'd by the Spani-
ards y Mefon ; in which the Inn-Keeper fur-
nifties nothing to his Guefts but a Chamber,
a Bed, a Stable, || Straw

and Barley. 'Tis true, the II There's nether Hay
Servants buy what you nor Corn in Spain.
pleafe for you, and drefs it
as you order 'em, provided you require nothing
but plain Boiling and Rotting. The Arragon
Wines are fweet and ftrong3 efpecially the Black
fort, for the White is neither fo ftrong nor fo
fweet. In the Summer time they have no other
Diverfion but Walking, and that towards the
Evening, when the Gentlemen walk out of
Town^as well as theLadies,apart : But 'tis not the
frefti Air fo much as the warm breathing that they
have in view. In Winter, they are entertain'd
with Plays, which the Triefts and Friars frequent
without any Scruple. Every Night there's an
AfTembly or Meeting at the Houfe of the Duke
Sfj of

%y% Some jStew Voyages

of Jovenazo, where they Game, and Difcourfe
and drink Chocolate or other JLiquors : And the
Perfonspf the firft Rank are almoft always there.
They are honeft and affable to the laft degree.
As for my own part,, I have receiy'd very fenfi-
ble Marks of their Friendship, particularly that
of being rega'l'd in their Houfes ,• which difco-
yers to me that they are not fo unfociable as they
$re reprefented to be. 5Tis true, that in publick
the Smile never unfurles their Brow, and no fa-
miliarity of Joy can oblige 'em to relent in their
affeded Gravity : But in private Converfation
phey are the heartieft People in the World ,• J
mean, they are the briskeft and merryeft Com-
panions that can be.

Almoft all the People of Arragon are as lean as
1 am, and fo, Sir, you may eafily judge what a
fort of Meen they have. They allege for the
eaufe of their Leannefs, that their Tranfpiration
is great, that they Eat and Sleep but little, that
their Paffions are fprightly and violent ; and in
fine, that they diffipate their Spirits by exercifes
which the French do not follow fo often. Their
Complexion is as pale as mine ; which perhaps is
owing to thefe very exercifes ,• at leaftwife, 'tis
Ovid's Opinion in faying [Palkat ommisamor * Co-
lor hie eft aptw amanti. ] Their Stature goes
fomewhat beyond the midling Standard. Their
pair is of a dark Ghefniit colour, and their
Complexion is as fair as that of the Bearnefe.

All I have faid of the People of Arragon, may
be apply'd in particular to the Women as well as
the Men j tho' indeed the former are not quite
fo lean as the latter. They can't be cali'd hand-
fome, but at the fame time one can't avoid own-
ing that they are agreeable and lovely. If Ma~
t^re has been ftingy and penurious in Forming
their Throat and Fore-He^ci, fhe h^s been pro-
digal

to Portugal and Denmark. 176

digal of her Gifts in giving 'em great fparkling
Eyes, fo full of Fire that they burn without mer-
cy from top to toe all that approach to 'em.
They are very much oblig'd to Theano, Pythago-
ras Wife, for teaching 'em that their Sex was
Born for no other end than for the agreeable
Trade of loving and being lov'd. This foft Mo-
ral fuits their Complexion perfedly well ,- and
accordingly they pradife it to a Miracle : For in
the Morning they run to Church, with intent to
purchafe Hearts rather than Paradife ,• and Din-
ner is no fooner over, than they go to Vifit their
She-Friends, who do mutual Services to one
another in the way of Intrigue, by favouring
the entry of their Lovers into one another's
Hoxifes, and that with a great deal of artifice and
cunning. Contrivance is all in all in this Coun-
try ,• for the vertue of the Women lies in playing
their Cards handfomely and dextroufly, dik
guifing the Intrigue, more than elfewhere. Their
Husbands are plaguy Sharp-fighted, and if their
Intrigues take but the leaft Air, they run the
rifque of taking a Journey to the other World,
unlefs they flie to a Convent. 'Tis not above a
Month and a half fince I faw a Girl Stabb'd by
her own Brother at Church, at the very foot
of the Altar, for having entertain'd an amorous
Correfpondence. He had made a Journey from
Madrid on purpofe to do this mighty Exploit ;
for which he was Puniflx'd with two Months Im-
prifonment.

There has not been above eighteen or twenty
defign d Murders and Affaffinations committed
fincel came hither,- by reafon that theNights are
as yet too ftiort : But lam told that inWinter there
never paffes a Night without two or three fuch
inftances. 'Tis true, 'tis only the poor miferable
Wretches of two Parifhes in the City, who in-
S f 4 fofc

%%q Some New Voyages

fult one another at that rate j and are drove to
that extremity by Feuds of ancient Handing.
The frequency of fuch diforders is owing to this,
that a Man cant be condemn'd to die without
great Evidence upon the matter, and that the
Condemn'd Criminals make ufe of the privileges
of the Kingdom, to put off the Execution from
Term to Term : By which means they get off at
laft for being turn d over to the Galleys, which
there are a thoufand ways to get clear of: So
that unlefs the Judge is Sollicited againftthem by
a ftrong Party, they always 'fcape the Gallows.

As for Robbing in the Streets, they know no-
thing of it j and the Murders that happen have
no relation to any intention of that Nature. I
have frequently Walk'd home all alone at Mid-
night from the Viceroys Houfe, without meeting
with any affront. ?Tis true, I difcontinued that
pra&ice after the Perfons of Quality adyis'd me
tq go always in Company,, left the Affaflms
fhould miftake me for another. However, Per-
fons of Note or Character have nothing to fear,
ynlefs they be imbarqu'd in fome Amorous In-
trigue ; then indeed they run the rifque of being
Stabb'd in the Streets at Noon : So that 4 Man
muft either have his Wits about him, or elfe have
recourfe to common Whores, if he means to a-
sroid fuch a fatal Exit. Now of thefe two Expe-
dients the firft is the beft, becaufe it preferves at
pnce his Pocket and his Health.

The Nobility of Arragon is tolerably Rich ;
but they might be Richer if the Peafants of Ar-
ragon Work'd as hard as ours do- Thefe idle FeJ-
. : ■ lows impioy the f Gavachas

U feWEPSn C with whom Spain is pla-
the bottom fignifies w- &ued ) to Manure their
tiring at all. ■ Grounds, and to Sow and

Reap. The Vulgar People
' : " aire

to Portugal and Denmark, 28 1

are of the Opinion that France is the worft Coun-
try in the World/ becaufe the French exchange it
for theirs : And indeed 'tis true, that the Labour-
ers., the Reapers, the Fellers of Wood, and all
forts of Tradefmen, without mentioning the
Coach-men, Foot-men and Water-bearers, come
for the moil part from Beam, Languedock, and
Juvergne. Here we meet with feme Beam Mer-
chants who have inrich'd themfelves by Trading
to France : For notwithftanding the War, an open
Commerce is ftill maintain'd. If the People of
Arragcn had their Wits about ?em, and bad a
mind to inrich their Country, they might eafily
compafs their end.

The River oiEbro is Navigable from Tortozato
Miranda $ Ebro, by great flat bottom'd Boats,
fuch as we have in the Seyne. A great many
Perfons who have come down the Ebro, have
affur'd me that 'tis three Foot deep in the
Shallowed places, and that its Current is ve-
ry gentle : So that the only difficulty lies in find-
ing a Road upon the Banks of the River, in or-
der to drag up the Boats when they want to ftem
the Stream. The French bring hither agreat many
Mules and little Nags, upon which they gain
Cent per Cent, all Charges difcounted. Thefe
Mules are made ufe of to
draw the Coaches and *Ga-
leras : For the Efiramadura
Mules are very dear, and
do not thrive in this Country fo well as in the
Southern Countries of Spain. As for the little
Galloway's, they commonly fell beft in the
Kingdom of Valencia, where the Peafants im-
ploy 'em for different ufes. The Coaches of
that Country are much of the fame Form with
our Travelling-Coaches in France ; and they gofo
very flowly that they would not drive round the
To\yn in the longeft Summer's day. The cuftom

of

* Great Carts drawn
by eight Mules, which
hold eight hundred weight.

282 Some New Voyages

of Vifiting upon Horfe-Back, prevails here as
well as in Portugal. The Gentlemen and Offi-
cers are drefs'd after the French way ; for they
find the Spanifh Habit unfufferable, by reafon of
the Golilla, or a fort of Collar, in which the
Neck is fo lac'd up, that they can't turn or bow
the Head.

The Women's Garb feems ridiculous to Stran-
gers, tho' at the bottom 'tis not fuch. I am al-
ready convinc'd that 'tis infinitely preferable to
curs. The Spamjh Women can't cover any defedi
of Nature ; for they wear neither Hoods, Heels,
nor Whale-bone Bodice. Were the French Ladies
oblig'd to go in this falhion, 'twould not be in
their Power to deceive fo many Men by their
artificial Towers, their Shooe-Heels and their
falfe Hips. 'Tis true, the Spanijh Women may
be cenfuc'd for difcovering their Shoulders and
half their Arms : But at the fame time, the French
muft not go uncheck'd for expofmg to open eye
two parts that are at once more fenfible and more
tempting ; for if it be alleg'd that the former
give offence backwards, by the fame juftice it
may be reply 'd that the latter fcandafife before.
In fine, as the Women of this Country lye un-
der reftraints, fo they have the fatisfa&ion of be-
ing very much refpe&ed ,• for when they pafs a-
long the Streets either in Coach or on Foot,
with their Face uncover'd, every body flops to
make 'em a Bow, which they anlwer by bowing
the Head without bending the Knee. Their
Gentlemen-Ufhers, who are always old Fellows
paft the reach of Sufpicion, give 'em their bare
hand ; for fuch is the Spamjh way : And thefe
are the only priviledg'd Perfons that have the
benefit of touching their hands ; for when a Ca-
valier happens accidentally to be near the Holy
Water while a Lady offers to come to it, he

fhakes

to Portugal and Denmark. 283

fhakes his Beads in the Water, in order to prefent
'em to her. The fame is the cafe in Dancing,
which do's not happen often : For the Gentle-
man and the Lady come no nearer than the two
ends of a Handkerchief, by which they hold j
and fo you may guefs how Buffing would go
down in this Country.

I muft tell you, the Spaniards are not fo ftern
and unfociable as they are represented ,• which
you'll perceive from a (lender account of their
way of Entertainment. A Gentleman that I
met frequently at the Viceroys, and at the Acade*
miesy did me the honour to Vifit me ,• and I re-
turn'd his Compliment in the fame way. When
I came to return the Vifit, he receiv'd me at the
Stair-Head, and conduced me to a Hall, where
we convers'd for half an hour ,• after which I
ask'd how his Lady did, and he made anfwer,
that he believd jhe ivas fo well as to receive us in her
Chamber. This done, the Chocolate and Bif-
kuyts began to appear • upon which the Gentle-
man rofe and introduc'd me to his Lady's Cham-
ber. The Lady ftood up till we made our Ho-
nours, and fate down upon her Sofa, while
Chairs were fetting for us. I told her I was in-
finitely oblig'd to her Husband for procuring me
the honour of Saluting her. She made anfwer $
that ke looKd upon me as a Spaniard. After that we
drank fome Chocolate, and fhe ask'd me if Ilik'd
it, and whether the French Ladies us'd to drink
it. This Interview lafted but half a quarter of
an hour, for being affraid of infringing upon the
Spanifo Formalities, I rofe, and after taking leave
walk d out of the Room with her Husband, who
invited me to Dinner. We waik'd till Dinner
time in the Garden, and alter the Gentleman
had fhewn me his Horfes, we went up again to
the Hall, where the Table CJoath was laid; In

2 8 4 Some New Voyages

a moment in came the Lady, and Saluting us af-
ter her way, took her place on one fide of the
Table,, as we did on the other. Firft of all,
they ferv'd up Melons, Raifins, Neclarines, and
Figs ; then every one had his Commons fet be-
fore him, ( like a Monk's Mefs ) confifting of a
Breft of MuttonRoafted in the firft Service, a Par-
tridge and a Pigeon Roafted in the fecond, and
a Rabbet Pye in the third, a Fricaffee of Foul in
the fourth, * Oronges fur-
* A fort of Mufroomi rounded with little Trouts
red en the upper fide, and r i i • r r ! ■■-..
jcttm underneath. of the bignefs of one s Fin-

ger in the fifth, and an Ap-
pricock Tart in the fixth : And after all, we had
a fort of Soupe as yellow as the Saffron
with which 'twas cram'd. This, Sir, was the
juft Bill of Fare for every one's Mefs. In the
mean time, we talk'd of nothing but the French
Ladies. The Lady alleg'd that in France, the
great Liberty allow'd to the Men in vifiting the
Ladies, and Playing or Walking with em, ex-
pos'd the Wifeft and moft Vertuous Women
to the affronts of indifcreet and detracting
Perfons, who to make themfelves pafs for
Men of happy Intrigues, defame the Ladies
that refift em. In fine, after we had raifd
againft the Husbands that tamely put up fuch af-
fronts, inftead of refenting 'em, we rofe from
Table : So ftie took leave after the ufual way,
and retir'd to her Chamber. When I came to
tike leave of the Gentleman, he walk'd before
me to the Head of the Stairs, where he ftop'd
on the lert hand, leaving me the right while I
bid him Adieu. There he flood till I got at the
foot of the Stairs, upon which he gave me his
Hat once more, and fo we loft fight of one ano^
ther.

I

to Portugal and Denmark. 28^

I thought it proper to give you the Hiftory of
this Adventure, that you may thereby know how
the Spaniards treat their Friends. If a hundred
Gentlemen had regal'd me at fo many fevera!
times, there would have been no difference, un-
lefs it be as to the goodnefs of the Cheer ,• for
the Ceremony is the fame in oneHoufe that you
have in another. So that by this defcription,
you know all that's ufual in Spain upon iuch oc-
cafions. I believe I have acquainted you that
the Spanijh Women look upon us as an indifcreet
fort of People, and perhaps they are not much
out in their thoughts ,• for all the Women of Eu-
rope fpeak of us at the fame rate. I'll prefent you
with fome Spanijh Verfes that a foolifh fort of a
Poet made upon that Head above fifty years ago,

Los Difcretos Efpanoles
A Los Maridos Zelozos
Hax>en en CaUados Gozos
Or ejus de Caracoles *
No fan Tales les francez^s
Tanto no pueden Cubrir
Antes Mas quieren Mil Vez.es ;
No bazer que no dejir,

That is to fay in good Profe. The difcreet Spani-
ards ajfifi the Women to cuckold their H7tsbands by fe-
cret Imbraces j whereas the French can conceal nothing,
for they'd choofe a thoufand times rather to be without
the Adventure y than not to fpeak of iu

This, Sir, is much of a piece with the Argu-
ment of that Huron, who alledges that we glory
in requiting a Lady's Favour with a piece of In-
gratitude, that tarnifties her Reputation to all in-
tents and purpofes. This caution may teach the
Women not to confide in rattle brain'd Fellows.
A Woman of Senfe will eafily find out the Cha-
racter

2 86 Some Netp Voyages -y &c.

ra&er of a Man, when ilie has a mind to give
her felf the trouble of infpecSing his condu&.
Tho' our young Sparks are Fools, yet the Ladies
choofe 'em before wifer Men ; becaufe Wifdom
do s not take place till Nature begins to run low.
The indifcreet Tongue of a young Cavalier,
do's a confiderable injury to his Miftrifs : But at
the fame time, your Chamber-Maids and Confi-
dents, are not lefs guilty. We have frequent in-
ftances of Women that lofe themfelves by negle-
cting a due Precaution with reference to their
Domefticks, I call that Woman a Wife Woman
that knows how to cover her Folly handfomely.
Now,, this is one of the firft Accomplishments of
your Spanifb Women, who by that means oblige
their Husbands very much * for tho' the Adven-
ture makes the Cuckold/ 'tis the Noife that makes
the Horns. With this Lucky Word I conclude
my Letter^ intreating you would Write to me
to Bilbao, for I defign to go thither wirh the firft
opportunity. From thence I intend to Sweep
( either by Sea or Land ) along the Maritime
Coaft, as far as Portugal, in order to view the
Ports and Havens, I have ib often heard of I
fnall take more pleafure in that difcovery, than
in feeing the fined Cities of the World : And
thus you fee there's no difputing a Man out of
his relifh.

am*

SIR,

Tours, &c.

A SHORT

( 1*7 )

A Shore

DICTIONARY

Of the mod Univerfal

LANGUAGE

OF THE

SAVAGES-

I Could eafily have fent you a compleat
Dittionary of all the Savage Words, with-
out excepting one, and of feveral curious
Phrafes : But I confider'd 'twould be of no
ufe to you, it being fufficient to fee the common
Words that are every Moment in their Mouths*
This is^ enough for any Man that defigns for G**
nada, for if he does but learn in his Paffage thofe
I have fet down, he will be able to Converfe
with the Savages, after frequenting their Com-
pany two or three Months.

There are but two Mother Tongues in the
whole extent of Canada, which I confine with-
in the Limits of Mijjifip $ but beyond that Ri-
ver there's an infinity of other Languages that
few Europeans could yet learn, by reafon of the
litte Correfpondence they have with the Savages
of thofe Parts, The two Mother Tongues I

fpeak

288 A DiBionary of the

fpeak of, are the Huron and the Algonkin. The
firft is underftood by the Iroyuefe, for the diffe-
rence betwixt the Huron and the Irojuefe Lan-
guage is not greater than that between the Nor-
man and the French : And fome Savages on the
Confines of New Tork fpeak a Language that is
very near the fame. The Andafloguerons, Toronto-
gueronons, Errieronons, and feveral other Savage
Nations whom the Iroquefe have totally deftroy'd,
fpoke likewife the fame Tongue/and underftood
one another perfectly well. The Second/ name-
ly the Algonkine, is as much efteem'd among the
Savages, as the Greek and Latin is in Europe ; tho'
'twould feem that the Algonkins, to whom it
owes its Original , difgrace it by the thinnefs of
the Nation, for their whole number does not ex-
ceed two Hundred.

You muft know that all the Languages of Ca-
excepting the Huron and thofe which re-
tain to it, come as near to the Algonkine, as the
Italian to the Spanijh • ^and 'tis for that reafon that
all the Warriours and ancient Counfellors of fo
many different Nations affed to fpeak it with all
manner of nicety. 'Tis fo neceffary to Travel-
lers in that Country, that in fpeaking it one is
certain of making himfelf to be underftood by
all forts of Savages in whatfoever place he comes
to, whether in Acadia or Hudforis Bay, or upon
the Lakes, or even among the Iroquefe, among
whom a great many have learn'd it forReafons of
State, notwithftanding that it differs from theirs
more widely than Night from Day.

The Algonkine Language has neither Tone nor
Accent, nor fuperfluous dead Letters ; fo that 'tis
as eafie to pronounce it as to write it. 'Tis not
Copious, no more than the other Languages of
America ; for the People of that Continent are

Strangers

Algonkirt Language. 28 p

Strangers to Arts and Sciences,, they are unac*
quainted with the Laws of Ceremony and Com-
plement, and an infinity of Words that the Eu-
ropeans ufe to imbellifti their Difcourfe. Their
Speech is only adapted to the Neceflities and
Conveniences of Life, and there is not one ufe-*
lefs or fuperfluous Word in the whole Language*
"Farther, this Tongue makes no ufe either of F
or V Confonant.

To the end of the Dictionary I have added the
four Tenfes of the Indicative of the Verb, 1 love.
The Indicative is form'd from the Infinitive, by
adding the Perfonal Note ni, which fignifies me
or I. Thus, Sakia fignifies to love, and Nifakia,
Hove. The fame is the cafe with all the other
Verbs.-

'Tis an eafie matter to conjugate the Verbs of
this Language after one has learn'd the Prefent
Tenfe of the Indicative Mood. To the Imper-
fect Tenfe they add Ban, as Sakiaban, I lovd*
to the Perfe&Tenfe they add hi after the perfona!
mark, as ni kifakia, I have lovd, and to the Fu-
ture ga in like manner, as ni gafakia or nin gafakia,
IJhall love. All the other Tenfes of the Verb
are form'd from the Prefent of the Indicative,
for Example, Ningafakiaban, I would love, Nin*
kifakiaban, Ijhould have lovcd. In a Word, when
tiie Prefent of the Indicative, and the additional
Particles for the other Tenfes, are once known,
:he whole Language may be learn'd in a very
little time. As for the Imperative 'tis formcd by
prefixing A to the Infinitive, as Afakia, love
hou, and the Plural, let us love, i s form'd by fub-
oyning Ta to the Infinitive, as Sakiata, let m
'ove. It remains only to fhew the Perfonal Notes^
w'fc.

Tt

2po A Viftionary of the

I or Me, Nk-9
Thee or Thou, Kir,
He or Him, Ouir.
We, Niraoueint*

You, Kiraoua.

You andWe, Kir'aou4nU

They orThem, Ouiracua,

ABandon or forfake,
I abandon, Vac-
kitan.
Above, Spiminh
Admirable, 'tis admira-
ble ( the Savages fpeak
it by way of Derifion)
Vilaoua*
Afterwards, MipUacb.
AU, Kakina*
All of 'em, Miffoute.
All in all, Alouch boga.
Always, KakelL
Xmifs, that's amifs, 'tis
good for nothing, Na-
fitch Mafatat.
And, Gaye or Miplgaye.
Arrive, I arrive, Takou*

chin.
Allies, Powder, Duft,

Pmgoe.
Aflift or Aid, Maouine«

oua.
Ax, a great Ax, Agac~

kouet.

A little Ax, Agackotte-
tons.

B

BAg, aTobaccobag,
Cafpitagan.
Ball, Alouin.
Barrel, Aoyentagan.
Beat, I beat, Packite.
A Bear, Mackoua.
A little Bear, Makonsl
Beard, Mifchiton.
Beaver, the Animal,

Amifa
Beaver- Skin, Apimini**

koue*
to Be or reft, Tapia,
Becaufe, Miouincb.
to Believe^ TiUrima*
Belly, Mifchimout.
Black, Markata
Blood, Mifcoue.
Body, Tao.
Bottle, Chichigouel
Brother, Nicanicb*
Brandy, the juice or

Broth of Fire, Scvuti*

ouabou:
Brave Soldier, SimagA*

nis.
Bread, Ta-bouchikan*
Brech, Mifcoafab.

Breeches

Algonkiri Language.

Breeches, a circumlocu-
tion For the covering
of the Brech, Kipoki-
tie Koafab.

Broth or Juice, Ouabou.

Buck, Onaskech.
Buckler, Vakakoa.
Build, to build Veflels
or Canous, Chimanike.

291

Country, Endalakianl
Courage, I have Cot^
rage, TagouamiJJi.
C * Maskimout.
Cup made of Bark, 0#*

lagan*

A

CAH,to call or name,
Tichinika.

Candle, to fnuff the
Candle, to ftir up the
'BivQyOuafacolendamaotia.

Canou, Chiman*

Captain,Leader, Olima.

to Carry, Pitou or Pita.

Caldron, Akik.

Change, I change, Mif*
coutch.

Child, little Children,
Bobilouchins.

Coat, Capotiouian.

Cold, I am cold, Ki*
hatch.

Gome on, Mappe.

to Gorne, Timatcha.

Comrade, at my Com-
rade's Houfe, Nitche,
Itfitchikoue*

Concern'd or difquie-
ted, Talimijji*

Corn, Malomitio

Covering , a white
Woollen Covering ,

^ Dab, Malamek*

Dance, I dance, NimL

Dance of the Savages
to theSound of Gourd%
Ghichikoue.

Part, I dart, Taichipa*
ma.

Day, to day, Mngpm,

One day, Okonogau

Dead, Nipoum.

Devil, Evil Spirit, Mai*
chi Manitou.

Die, I die, Nip.
Difh of Maple VVoo4

Souk Mickoan*
Dog, Alim.
Little Dog, Alimom*
Do, I do, Tochiion.
Done, 'tis done, Cbdyil
Doubtlefs, Antetatouba.
Drefs Meat : I do th&

Kettle, (a Phrafe)

Voutaoue.
Drink, I drink, Mhi~

koue.
Drunken, a Fool, Quf*.

kouebh
Duck, Ghichip*

Tu E

292

E

A DiSlionary of the

Firelock. Scoutekan.
oil

■

EAch or every one,
PepegiL

Earth* Acke or Ackouin.

to Eat, Omjfin.

Elfewhere, Coutadibi.

Englifti, Ouatfakamink,
Dachirifti.

Enough, 'tis enough,
Mimilic.

Equal or like one ano-
ther, Tabifcoutch.

Efteem, I efteem or
hqnour, Nafitelima.

Eyes, Omkinchic.

FA11, to fall, Panli-
&> r
Far oft, Ouatfa.

Faft, to go faft, OwAU

hick.
Fat, Pimte<
Father, my Father,

Noufce.
Fatigued, I am fatigu'd,

TakouJJi.
Few or little, Me Man-

gis.
Fields fown , Kittega-

nink.
to Find, Nantouneoua.
Fire, Scoute.
to ftrike Fire with a

Stone, Scoutecke.

-

Fifh, Kikons.

White Filh, Attlhamec.

Fork, Najfaouakouat. "

Formerly, Piraouigo.

Fort or Fortrefs, Quae*
kaigan*

Fortify, I make Forts,
Ouackaike.

Forwards in the Wood,
Nopemenk.

A Fowl, Pill

France, the Country of
the French y Mittigouchi*
cuek, Endafakiank.

The French, term d Buil-
ders of Ships, Mitti-
gouch.

to Freeze, Kijfin.

It freezes hard, Kiffind
Magat.

Full, Mouskineti

Fufee, Paskifigan.

Vjlrle, IchueJJensl
Give, I give, Mila.
Giafs, a Looking-glafs;
Ouabemo.

Go by Water, Pimifcal
God of Heaven, Ma-
tter of Life,- Great Spi-
rit,- the unknown Be-
ing, Kitchimanitou.
Good, Kouelatch.
Govern, I Govern, Tir
berima*

Go*

Algonkin

Governor General of

Canada , Kitcbiokimafi
maganicb y i. e. great
Captain of War.

Grape, Chocmin.

Great in the way of
Merit, Valour, Cou-
rage, &c Kitcbi.

Great ia Stature, Men-
titou.

Greedy, Safakifi.

Gut, Olabich.

£L

H

_Air, Lifts.
Hair of Beafts Fiouel.
Half, Natal.
Handforne, Proper, Sa-

fega.

Hare, Ouapous.
Hart j Micheoue,
Hate, i Abhor, Chingn-
< erima.
Have, to have, Tinda-

la.

Head, Oufiicouan.
Heaven , the upper

Earth, Spiminkakouin.
Herb, Mijask.
Here, Achonda or Acbo*
v manda.

Hidden, Kimouch.
Home, at my Houfe,

Entayant.
To Honour, Mackaou*

ala.
Hot, Akicbatte,

Language. 293

How, Tank

How many, Tanfiu, or

Tanimilik.
Hungry, I am hungry;

Packate.
Hunt, I hunt, Kiouffe.
Huron* , the People,

Nadouch
Hut, Omfaouam.

I.

JEfuit, Black Gown,
Mackate ockola*
Ifland, Minis.
Immediately, Ouilatch*
Impoftor, MalatiJJi.
Indian Corn, Mitta-

min.
Intirely, Napitch.
Iron, Tiouabich
Iroquefe , in the Plural

Number , Matchina*

doaek.

k;

KEep, I keep, Ga«
naomrima.

Kettle, Akikons^

King of France , the
Great Head of the
French 5Mittigoucb Kit-
cbi Okima.

Knife, Mockoman.

A Crooked Knife, Con*
tagan.

T t 5 Know,

1^4 ^ DiBionary of the

Know, I know, Kike-
To know, Kikerwdan.

Y Ake , great Lake,

I j Kitcbigamink*
Lame, Kaiikati*
Land Carriage , Caff a*

tagan.
To Laugh, Va$u
Lagy, Kittimh
To Leave, Vackitan;
Letter, Aiafignaygam
Liberal, Oualatijjt.
Life, Nouchimwin.
Light, fplendor, Vcnclaol
Little, Ouabiloucheins.
To Live, Noutchimou.
Long fince, Vis long

ago, Cbachajk-
Lofe at play, I lofe,

Tackilague.
Love, to love, Sakia.
To ly down, Quifema*

M

jVjUle, tfapi. :
Malicious , cheating ,

one that has an 111

Heart, Malatcbiiehe.
Man, Alifinafe.
March , I march , Pi-

moujje.
Marry , I take a Wo-

man, Ouiouini
Marryed Man, Napema.

Meat, Oiiiaf.

A Medcine, or Potloft^

Maskikik.
To meet Nantouneoua.
Merchandize Goods -,1

Alokatchigan.
Miftrefs, or She-Friend,

Nirimoufens.
Moon, the Star of the

Night, Debikatlkizis.
to Morrow, Ouabank.
The Day after to Mar-
row, Oufouabanh
A Mortar of Wood for

beating Indian Corn*

Tontagan.
Much, Nibila.

N

NAtion s, People,
Irini.

Near, Vechouetcl:

Needle, a fewing Nee-
dle, Chafonikan.

Never, Kaouicka.

News, Tefatchimou-kan.

I bring News, Tefatchi-
mou.

Night, DebikaU

No, Ka.

Nobody, Kagouttch or
Kaouia.

Nofe, T^£:

Not at all, Kamamenda
or Kagouetcb.

Not yet, jK* mafchL

Nothing, Kafagcn*

G

Algotikin Language] 195

O Prefently, Quibatck

Petty, OUctichin*
P*, Patchagon.
Proper, Handfome, %*

fig*-

to Purfue, Nopmala,
I put away (a term u*
fed for a Man's put-
ting away his Wife)
Qmhlnan*

FAR, Appoue.
Old, Kioucheins.
One-Eyed, Paskingoe.
Orignal, Elk, Mons.
A young and little Elk,

Manichich*
Other, Coutac.
Otter, Mkik.
P

PAP, or the juice of
the Meal of Indian

Corn, Mitaminahou:
Part, in what part, Ta~

nipu
Partriges, Pihfioue.
Pay, I pay, Tipaham.
Peace, Peca.
to make Peace, Pecaie-

chi.
Peninfula, Minilfint
Perfuafion, Tirerigan.
Pike, Fifli, Kinonge.
Pipe, Calumet, Poagan.
toPifs, Minfi.
Pity, to take pity, Cha-

ouerima.

to Play, fackigow*
to Pleafe one, I pleafe,

Marouerindan.
Porcelain Beads, Aouies.
Powder, Gunpowder,

Pingoe, Mackate.
To pour out, Sihikinan.
To pray to God, Tala-

mia Kitchimanitou.
Prefent , at prefent,

Nougam*

Q

Uickly, Kegatch.

j\Ain, Kimlouanl
Red Colour, Mifcoue.
Red Powder, efteemed

by the Savages Ouh-*

man.
to Regard, Ouahmo.
to Regrate, Kouiloma:
Relation, Kinfman, Ta*

ouema.
Refolve, I refolve 3Wkh

lindan.
to Refped, Tabamica.
to Reft or Repofe,C&//i«

kichin.
Right , to be in the

right, Tepaa.
A Ring, £>ibiUnchihifon9
River, Sipim.
Robe, Qchla.
Root, Ottftikows.
Row, to row, Tapouel
to Run, Pitchibat.
Run to J. run to^Pitchiha>
T t 4 . S

%$6 A DiBionary of the

Sorry, I am {orryyIska-

Tali-

l^Able, Negao.
Sack, Maskitnout.
Sad, to be fad,

mijft.

Sail, I fail, Pimifca.
to Salute, Mackaouala.
Say, I fay, Tila.
He fays, fays he, ( a

very ufual Word ) To-

Sea, a great Lake with-
out limits, AgankitchU
gamink.

To fee, Ouabemo.

Seek, I feek, Nantaou*
mma.

Senfe , to have {cn{o ,
Nabmacka.

Ship, or GreatCanow,
Kitchi Chiman*

Shirt, Papakiouian.

Shooes, Machfin.

Sick , Outineous.

Side, on the other fide,
Gaamink,

Since, Mipldach,

To fing , Chichin;

Skin , Pachikin.

Slatre, Omckan.

Sleep , ,N/p#.

Smoak, I fmoak Tobac-
co, Pentakoe.

To make a Smoak, 5*-

Softly , Peccahga.
Sons, Nitiants.
1

tijju
Soldier, Simaganich.
To Speak , Gakula.
Spirit, an Intelligent
Invifible Being, M*-

Spoon, Mickouan.
Spring-time , Mirocka-

mink.
Star, Alank.
To fteal, Kimoutin.
Stockins, Hofe, Mttas,
Stone , AJJin.
Strong , firm , hard,

Mafchkaoua.
AStrong-man, Machka*

oueffi.
Very ftrong , Magat.
Sturgeon, Fifti, Lameh
Sun, Kifis.
Sweat, to fweat, Ma-

toutou.
Sword, Simagan.
Surprising , Jtis furpri-

fing or wonderful, ILu

teoue.

T.

X Obacco, Sema:
Take, I take, Takouan.
Take hold , Emanda,
Teeth, Tihiu
That, Maba*
There, that way, Man-
dadlbu

There , at a diftance*
Ouatfadibi* To

Al gonkin

To Think or entertain
an Opinion, Tiklindan.

This, Manda*

This way, Undach.

On this fide, Undachdibh

Time, a long time ago,
Chachaye, Piraouigo.

Together, Mamaouh

Tongue , Out am

Too Little, OjfameMan-
gis.

Too much, Ojfani.

To Truck Tataouan.

Truly Keket.

A Turtle-Dove, Mlmu

Tyr'd, Iamtyr'd, Ta-
konfi.

W.

TTCTAlk, I walk, 73-

Value, it is a valuable

Thing, Arimat.
Water, Nibi.
War, NantohalL
To make War, Nantou-

haUma*
Warriors , Nantobalit-

chick*
Way, or Road, Mickan.
Well, that is well, Oti~

eouelim.
Well, well, what then?

Achindach.
Well then, Taninentien.
What's that? Ouaneouine.
What has he ? Kekoua-

nen*

Whence, Tamp.
Whence come ye ? 7V

pifi EndajcnL

Language. 2^7

Where? Ta.

Where ishe? yTanif% Aft.

While, Megaotch.

White, Ouabi.

Whither do you go $

Taga Kitiga.

Who's that? Ouaneouine

maba.
Why? Tanientien.
Wicked, in fpeaking of

the Iroquefe, MdataJJh
Will, Ouifch.
Village, Oudenanc.
Win at play, I win,

Packitan.
Wind, Lout in:
Wine , the Juice or

Broath of Grapes |

Choeminabou.
N Vifit, to pay a Vifit, Pi-

ametiffa*
Winter, Ptyoun.
I Winter , or pafs the

Winter, Pifounichi.
To underftand , Nijipo~

taoua.
Wolf, Mahingan.
Woman, Ickoue.
Wood forFiring,M'tti&
Write, I write, Mafi-

naike.

Y.

X Ellow, Ouzao.
Yes,A/i, or Mincouti.
Yes, indeed, Ante, or

Sankema.
Yefterday, Pitchilago.
Yet, Minaouatch.
Young, QuskinekiJJi. I

2<?8 A VlBionary of the

I ihall here content my felf in giving you th*
four Ttnfts of the Indicative Mood of one Verb j
by a view of which you may form the Conjuga-
tion of the other Moods. 'Twere eafy to inlarge
upon this SubjeA ,• but if I bffer'd to launch out,
the multiplicity of things that fail irt the way,
would oblige me to Write a formal Grammar.

To love, Sakia.

Prefent.
Hove, Nifakia.
Thou loveft, Kifakia.
He loves, Oufakia.
We\ove,Ni fakiamin;
Ye love, Kifakiaoua.
We and you love, Ki-
fakiaminaoua.
They love, Sakiaouak.

Xmperfe£h
I loved, Ni fakiaban.
Thou lovd7ft>Ki fakiaban.
Helov'd, Ou fakiaban.
We lov'd, Ni fakiamin

naban.
Youlov d,Kifakiaouaban.
We and you lov'd, Ki-*

fakiminaouaban.
They lov'd, Sakiabanik.

I have lov'd, Ni kifakia.
Thou haft lov'd, Ki ki-

fakia.

He has lov'd, Ou kifakia]
We have lov'd, Ni $£-

fakiamin.
You have lov'd^ Ki kh

fakiaoua.
We and you have lov'd,

Ki kifakiaminaoua.
They have lov'd^ Kifa-

kiaouak.

I Ihall love, Ningafakia.
Thou {halt love, Kiga*

fakia.

He fhall love, Ougafakia.
We lhall love, Nin ga-

fakiamin.
You ftiall love, Ki ga~

fakiaoua.
We and you fhall love,

Ki gafakiaminaoua.
They fhall love, Gafa

kiaouak.
Love thou, Afakia:
Let us love, Afakiata.

As for the Nouns they are not declin'd at all.
The plural number is form'd by a k. added to a
Angular, ending in a Vowel, as Alifnape fignifies a
Mm, and Alifina^tk feveral Men. If the Noun

ends

Algonkin Language. 299

ifods with a Confonant, the plural is form'd by the
addition of ik ,' as Minis fignifies an Ifle, and
Miniffik Ifles ; Vaskijigan a Fufee, and Pafkifiganik
a plurality of Fufees.

The Algonkin way of Counting.

ONe, Vegik.
Two, Nincb.
Three, Niffom.
Four, Neou.
Five, Naran.
Six, Ningoutouaffou.
Seven, NincbouaJJou.
Eight, Nijfouajfou.
Nine, ' Changaffbu.-
Ten, Mittajfou.
Eleven, Mittajfou acbi

fegik.
Twelve, Mitajfou acbi

nincb.
Thirteen, Mitajfou acbj

nijfoue.
Fourteen, Mitajfou acbi

neou.
Fifteen , Mitajfou acbi

naran.
Sixteen, Mitajfou acbi

ningotouajfou.
Seventeen, Mitajfou acbi

ninchoajfou.
Eighteeen, Mitajfou acbi

nijfouajfou.
Nineceen, Mitajfou acbi

changajfou.
Twenty, Nincbtana.
Twenty one, Nincbtana

achi pegik.
Twenty two, Nincbtana

acbi nincb.

Twenty three, Nicbtana
acbi nijfoue.

Twenty four, Nincbtana
achi neou.

Twenty five, Nincbtana
acbi naran.

Twenty fix, Nincbtana
acbi ningotouajfou.

Twenty feven, Nincb-
tana acbi nincboajfou.

Twenty eight, Ninth*
tana acbi nijfouajfou.

Twenty nine, Nincbta*
na acbi cbangaffou.

Thirty, Nijfouemitana.

Thirty one, NiffommU
tana acbi pegiky &c.

Fourty, Neoumitana.

Fifty, Naran mitana.

Sixty, Ningoutouaffou mfa
tana.

Seventy, Ninchouajfou mi-
tana.

Eighty, Nijfouajfou mU
tana.

Ninety, Cbangajfou mita-
na.

A hundred, Mitajfou mi-
tana.

A thousand, Mitajfou mi~
tajfou mitana9 If

?oo A DiEiionary of the

It you can once count to a hundred, 'tis eafy
to count by tens from a thoufand to a hundred
thoufand, which number is in a manner unknown;
to the Savages, and by confequence not us'd in
their Language.

You mull take care to pronounce fully all the
letters of the Words, and to reft upen the A%
that come at the end. The pionounciation is
very eafy, becaufe this Language has no Guttu-
ral or Palate Letters, fuch as the Spanifh J Confo-
nant with their G and their H, as well as the £»-
gli[h th, which puts a Foreigner s Tongue upon
the rack.

I can't pafs by one curious Remark touching
the Language of the Hurons and the Iroquefe ;
namely, that it do's not ufe the Labial Letters,
viz. byf, my p. And yet the Hurons Language
appears to be very pretty, and founds admirably
well, notwithftanding that the Hurons never fliuc.
their Lips when they fpeak.

Commonly the Iroquefe make ufe of it in their
Harangues and Councils, when they enter upon
a Negotiation with the French or Englifb. But in
their Domeftick Interviews they fpeak their Mo-
ther Tongue.

None of the Savages of Canada care to fpeak
French, unlefs they are perfuaded that the force
of their Words will be perfectly underftood.
They muft be very well fatisfied upon that Head
before they venture to expofe themfelves in fpea-
king their mind in French ,• abating for fome cafes
of neceflity, when they are in Company with
the Coureurs de Bois that do not understand their
Language.

To return to the. Huron Language ,• we muft
confider that fince neither the Hurons nor the
Irofieft ' ufe the Labial Letters, 'tis impoffible for

either

Algonkin Language. 301

either of *em to learn French well. I have fpent
four days in trying to make the Hurons pronounce
the Labial Letters, but I could not accompliib it *
nay, I am of the Opinion that in ten years time
they would not learn to pronounce thefe Words,
Bon, Fils? Monfieur, Ponchartrain : For inftead of
Bon they'd fay Ouon ; inftead of Fils, "Rils ; in-
ftead of Monjieur, Caounfieur ; and in the room of
Vonchartrain, Conchartrain.

I have here added fome Words of the Huron
Language, that your curiofity may be gratified
with a view of the difference between that and
the Algonkin. The Hurons fpeak with a great deal of
gravity, and almoft all their Words have afpi-
rations, the H being pronounc'd as ftrong as
poflible.

I do not know that the Letter F is usd in any
of the Savage Languages. 'Tis true, the -Effa-
napes and the Gnacjitares have it ; but they are
Seated upon the long River beyond the Mijjiftf^
and confequently out of the Limits of Canada*

Some Huron Words.

TO be a Man of
Senfe, Hondioun.
Spirit, Divinity, Ocki.
Fire, Tfitta.
Iron, Aouifta.
Woman, Ontehtian<
Fufee, Ouraouenta.
To be forry, Oungaroun.
?Tis cold, Outoirha.
Fat, Skoucton.
Man, Onnonhoue.
Yefterday, Hiorheha.
Jefuit, Tfiftatfi.
rar, Deheren.

Otter, Taouinet.

Not, Staa.

Yes, Endae.

Pipe or Calumet, Gan+

nondaoua.
Near, Towkeinhia.
Soldiers, Skenraguetth
To Salute, Igonorcn.
Shooes, Arrachiou.
Traffick, Attendinon.
Altogether, Tiacundi.
Allot 'em, Aouetti.
Tobacco, Ojngoua.
'Tis valuable, difficult,
and

1 02 A Vi&ionary of the, 8cc.

and of importance,

Gannoron.
To be gone, Saraskoua.
Covetous, Onnmfie.
Handfome , Proper ,

Akouaffiu

Very much, Atoronton*
That's well, Andeya*
I Drink, Ahirrha.
Indian Corn, Onneha.
Stockins, Arrhicb.
A Bottle, Gatfeta.
A brave Man, Songuitehe

'Tis done, Homcu
My Brother, Tatji.
My Comrade, Tottarol
Heaven, Toendi.
A Hutt, Honnonchia*
Hair, Eonhora.
Captain, Otcon.
Dog, Agnienon.
Softly, Skenonha.
Peace. Skenon.
I fay, Attatia.
To morrow, Acheteh
To be, Sackie.

THE

m

BOOKS lately Printed, &c.

A New Voyage to Italy, with Curiom Obfervatimt
on feveral other Countries, as Germany , Swit-
zerland, Savoy, Geneva, Flanders and Holland,-
together with ufeful Inftru&ions for thofe who
fliall travel thither ; by Maximilian Miffon /done
out of French ; the Second Edition , enlarged
above one Third, and enriched with feveral New
Figures ; in 2 Volumes in 80.

A New Voyage to the Levant ; Containing an
Account of the moft Remarkable Curiofities in
Germany, France, Italy, Malta and Turky • with
Hiftorical Obfervations relating to the Prefent
and Ancient State of thofe Countries, by the
Sieur da Mont, done into Englljh, and adorn'd
with Figures : The 3d Edition , in 80.

A Collection of Voyages, undertaken by the
Dutch Eafi-Indian Company , for the Improve-
ment of Trade and Navigation; containing an
Account of feveral Attempts to find out the
North-Eafb Paffage , and their Difcoveries in the
Eafi'hdies, and the South-Seas ; together with
an Hiftorical Introduction , giving an Account
of the Rife, Eftablifliment and Progrefs of that
Great Body : Illuftrated with feveral Maps and
Charts, in 80.

1 The Roman Hiftory • from the Building of
the City to the Removing of the Imperial Seat
by Confiantine the Great : Containing the Space
of 1082 Years; by Laurence Echard, Prebendary
of Lincoln , and Chaplain to the Lord Bifhop of
that Diccefs ,• Two Volumes , in So.

THE

I N D E X.

A. relates to the Firft Volume, and B. to the Second

ACadia defer ib'd, A. izo
Agrippa,^ great Phi-
lofopher^ B. 261.
Adario , the great-
Leader of the Hurons, calTd
by the French the Hat, A. 90.

Age much reverend* d by the
Savages , B. ij.

Agues Caudes, a hot Bath
in the Pyrennees, B. 273.

Alfandigua , a Duty on Su-
gar and Tobacco, B. 196-

Algonkins , their Language
univerfally known for a thou-
fand Leagues round, A. 1 -5.
The People defcrib'd, A. 1 8.
Three Quarters of that Ra-
tion formerly cut off by the
Iroquefe, ibid.

Almada City and Caflle, B,
205.

Amours and Marriages of the
Savages, B. 34.

Amfterdam defer ib'd, B. 215.

Angui (Meffieurs de) A. 189.

Animals, amphibious, A* 106.

Anskild ("Frederick) a Dte
nifl) Pilot, A.zio.

Anfe du Tonr^ere, 4. 86,

Anfwers, ufual among the Sa-
vages, B. 12, 17, 23.
Antwerp, the Pa/fage from
Rotterdam to that Place,
B.ip.
Apparitions, Chimerical, B.

266.
Arpent of Ground, what, A. 7.
Arpentigni (Sieur de) -4. 149.
Arrache (Sieur de)£, 218.
Arragon, the Government of
that Kjngdom, B. 276. The
Ceremony us'd at the Kjng
of Spain'.* talking the Coro-
nation Qath, B. 276. The
Confiitutions, Humours, and
Ctifloms of the Inhabitants,
B. 277, 278. Their way of
treating, B. 283, 284.
Afpre Hjver, B, %VL%
Aflaffinations frequent at Sa*

ragofTa, B. 279.
Aveiro, a fmallTown, B. 1 9 N
Aunay (Count dej A. ip*>
Aunoy (Madam de,) JJ. 211.
Auxembourg, J5. 221.
Axe, burying the bloody Axe%
a Sign of Peace among the
Savages, A. 140, Digging
it up a Symbol of Way, A.
42.

INDEX.

Bagouafch, A. 214.
Balenots, a fort of Whales,

^•244.
Bandarro s , i&w<** ^7 are,

B. 20Q.

Bank 0/ New-found-land,

A. 172.

Bars, wW, B. 189.

Bar 0/ Lisbon w^^« unacceffi-
ble, B. 213.

Batreurs de Faux, tk?^, y£.
62:.

Battle, Field of Battle in the
Neighbourhood of Ham-
burgh, B. 223.

Bay of St. Laurence, A, 4.
Of Miffifagues, £. 65. 0/
Saguinan, ^. 86. C/Pou-
teouatamis, -4. 104, 109.
O/Toranto, ^. 182,215.
De L'ours, A. 136, 137.
Hudfon^ Bay , A, 206.
Why fo caWd, A. no. Sa-
vage Bay, ibid. Bay of
Sakinac, 'a. 21 6. O/Ga-
naraske, ^. 218. Des
Fran^oife, ^. 220. £^
des Chaleurs, ibid. Bay
c/Trepaffez, ^.226. 0/
Piacentia, ^. 229.

Bears, howkjird, A. 65. SV-
veral forts of them, A 234,
23 5. T&ey //ve */:>w Months
on the Juice of their Paws,

B. 61.

Bearn f *w France ) Mony
fcarce in that Country, B.
268. The ignorant Bigotry of
the People, B. 265, 270.

Beaucour fChevalier)^. 176.

Beayers, dejlroying the whole

Stock,, # capital Crimea*
mong the Savages, A. 41 .
Several forts of *em, A,
1 06, 233. The Defer ipt ion
of a large Beaver, 107,
108. Their in credib le Inge
vuity, B. 56, 57, 58. Bea~
vers how taken, B, 6c.

Bechefer (a Jefuit) A. 171.

Begon (Mr.de) A. 168.

Belin, £212.

Bernon fSieur Samuel) a Ro-
chel Merchant, A. 255.

Birds, A Lift of thofc in Ca-
nada, A. 237.

Boats call'd Trad: Scoots, B.
215.

Bo nr epos , Ambaffador from
France to the Court 0/Den-
mark, J3. £27.

Books made of Birch Bark*
A, 252.

Bofton the Metropolis of New-
England, A. 224.

Braga, B. 187.

Bragalone ( Meflieurs de )
A. 167,

Brafil Fleet, B. 189.

Brouillon (Mr.) Govemour of
Piacentia, A. 194. He con-
fpires againfl the Author
and being protected by Mon-
fieur de Pontchartranv'j the
Caufe of all his Misfortunes,
A. 195.8c feq.

Brulots, Infects of Canada,
A. 242.

Bruffels , the Paffage from
Antwerp to that Place, B,
252.

Burning Prifoners to Death, a
Cttfiom among the Savages,
A. 179.

Q,

INDE X.

c.

Cacick, the Name for the
Governours of the EiTanapes
and Gnacfkares, A. 119,
120, 123.

Cadayal (Duke of) J5. T94.

Calumet of Peace, what, A.
36. 5. 10.

Cafcades, A. 3 c.1

Cafteinsf Baron de)a Bearnefe

Gentleman that titrn\{ half

Savage, A. 223.
Caftoreum, in what fart of

the Beaver lodg'd, A. 167.
Cataracouy, alias Fort Fron~

renac, -4. 38.
Catara&s, A. 30, &feq.
Cats wild, A. 66.

Canada. A Defcription of Chambli defcrib'd, A. 47,
the Country, A. 8. 8c feq. Champigni ( Monfieur de )
How the Lands were diftri- arrives at Quebeck, A. 55.
buted atfirfl to Officers and Chapeau Rouge, A. 226..
Soldiers, ibid- l4?omsn fent Children (Savage) their way

thither from France, A. 9.
How long poffefs^d by the
French. A. 10. The Na^
ture of the Climate, ibid.
A Geographical Defcription
of Canada, which is bigger
than Europe, A. 205. The

of [playing y B. 13.
Chriftening, a ridiculous Cu~
flora among Sailors fo caWd,

Cliriftianky. The Savages of
Canada very averfe to it*
B.3.

number of Souls in the Co* Chriftian III, Kim of Ben

lony, A. 206. The Govern-
ment cf Canada, A. 260.
A Character of the Cana-
defe, A. 267. Dlforders
that ought to be redrefs'd
in Canada, ibid.
Canovvs, Boat* usd by the
Canadefe, A. 15. Their
Defcription, A. 26. Ca*
nows of Elm Barl^, A. 82.

mark, his Death faid to be
foretold by an Angel,B. 247*

Chriftians-Fawe , a Daniffi
City, B. 228,

Circzee in Holland, B, 214,

Citrons of North-America,
the Fruit wholefom, and the
I{pot mortal Poifbn, A. 250,

Coldink, the King of Den«
markV Palace, B. 244,246.

CapeRafe, A. 3, 206, 226. Coliers, what they ar^k< 36*
Cape Raye, A. 4, 221, 226. Commerce of Canada * A„

Cape Breton, A.^, 183.
Cape Tourmente, A. 6. 173*
Cape Finifterre, B. 213.
Carcaioux, what and how ta>*

ken, A. 62.
Caribou's, what ^ arid hove

kiird, A. 59.
Carps in theMitfifipi, A. 246,
Carcier (James) A, ao&

254. The Goods proper for
the Savages, A. 258, 259,

Complexion of the Savages $
B. 1. 6c feq.

Copenhagen defcrib'd, B. x%j0
It has an excellent Harbour^
ibid. The leather is very
inconfiant in that Plate*
& 239.
¥ T %

1 N D

Corlar , the Xroquefe \Title
for the Govcrnour 0/New
York, ^.41, and fir New
York it f elf A. 155.

Corigidor, a Portuguefe O/-
fice>, B.207.

Cores, a Word usd by the
French Planters, A. 7.

Cotrages of Peace. A. 117.

Councils of the Savages, B. 9.

Coureurs de Bois, A. 20.

Conner, a Captain of a Pri-
vateer, B. 213.

Cradies, what the Savage
Women life tnftead of 'em
*-5-

Creufe Bfver, A. 142, i44>

Criminals have g-eat privi-
leges in Arragon, B. 280.

Crocodiles how taken alive,
A. 234.

Cronmgbourg, the Kj'ng of
Denmark 's Palace, B. 239,

%

Dance. To dance the Calumet
Dance under . the Tree of
Peace ,what it imports, A. ^z.
Several forts of Dances in
life among/1 the Savages, A.
1 ° 5> J I o, B. 10. Dancing
of the Porru£ixefe indecent^
-&• 205.

Danebrouk, a Danifh Order,
#. 236.

Danes, fiyfl Difcoverers cf the
Qountrcy */ Labrador, or
of the E.skimaux, A. 209.
The Commodities they fend
*° England and Holland,
#. 24 r. Their Qualities, B.
230,

E X.

Dardanelles, the Gand Seigni-
or takes Toll there, B. 240

Days, how divided by the Sa-
vages, B, 1 5. Nailed Days%
what, ibid.

Dead, Ceremonies perform* d to
them by the Savages, B. ^

Deer-hunting, none fo good as
in Denmark^ B. 230.

Deity , the Notion the Sa-
vages have of a Deity, B.
19, 29. 91. ■

Denmark, their Naval and
Land force, B. 239. A
View of that Court, B. 228,
236. The Kfngs Char abl-
er, B. 228. His Revenue,
B. 234. The Value of the
Current "Mony in that Coun-
try, B.

Delfr, a neat, large, and fins
City, £.215.

Denonville ( Mr. de ) the
News of his being recall* d
from the Government of
Canada, A. 1 50.

Devil. The Opinion of the
, Savages with refpetl to him.
B. 30.

Devil more tratlable in pi*
mitive Times, B. 245.

Dialogue betwixt the Anther
dw^Adario, B. 90.

Dipping of New- born Children
in warm Water, in ufe a-
mongft the Savages, B. 41.

Difeafes and Remedies of the
Savages, B. 45.

Do ( Chevalier ) fent with
Propnfals of Peace to the
Ircquefe , with the fatal
event, A. 157.

Don, a Title, to whom given
by^tbe Porru£uefe, B. i94«
Don

INDEX

Don Quixot, B. 193.
Dorvillers (SieurJ an Officer,

A. 74.
Douro %iver9 B. 189, I9°»
Drelden, B. 222.
Ducks in Canada, A. 240.
Dulhut (Mr.") takes an Eng-

liih Convoy, A* 74.
Durantais {Mr. de \&) takes

an Englilh Company with a

rich Booty, A. 73.

E.

Eagles of Canada, A. 239.
Ebro River runs thro' Arra-

god, ff. 276, 281.
Ecclefiafticks their Inter eft in

the Government of Canada,

A. 260, & feq.
Ecoimes (Abbot) A. 167.
Elephant, a noble Danifh Or~

der of that Name, B. 236.
Elks, how hunted, A. 56, 58.

Their Defcriptiony A. 57.

How taken in Summer, 59.
Elfenor, a Place where the

Ships pay toll in the Sundi

K 2,40.
Engliih, their Expeditions by

Sea , againft the French

Plantations in Canada, A.

1 59, 183. The Engliih too

unactive, A. 274.
ErafmusV Houfe, B. 215.
Errick, KJng of the Goths*

his pretended Power over the

Winds, B. 262.
Eskimaux , a meft Savage

People, A. 208, 209.
EfTanapes, a People, A. 114*

Their manner of Salutation,

1 17* Their Opinion of the

Tranfmigration of Souls , 1 20

121.
Eftrees (Abbot) B, 19I

Eftremos, a CfyoffortugsAp

B, 214,
Expofende, a large Village $

B. 189.
Extremadura, B. 21 v;

F,

Fall of St, Louis, A ,44*

Faons, ^ /^r^ Village, B 189.

Fear *&? £j^# of Super flit ion ^
B. 266.

Feaft 0/ ^ Savages, which
the Author was invited tof
defcribed, A 105*

Feaft of War, B. 75.

Feayers 0/ *fe intermitting
kind, of which many dy^d
in the fecdnd and third Fit$
A^

Fionia defcrWd. B. 245,

Fifh in the Lakes of Canada,
and in their fijvers, A 243^
244. Fifh in Armoitr de*
fcrib'dy A 246.

Fly-like Bird of Canada ds*
fcrib'd, A 240*

Fontaine Marion , a ><ww£:
Cailadefe unjuftly feat to
Death, A 74

Forces 0/ £&* King of Portu-
gal, B207.

Fort St. Jofeph, A 92* Of
Crevecoeur, ^135. Of
Niagara , vid. Niagara.
Kenebeki, vid. fcenebekiu
Roland, A 1 59. O/Cham-
bli, A 174. Suppose, vf.
181, 216. Nelfon, 2130
Camanirligoy an,a 1 4 FrotH
tenac, wi Frontenae. Pla-
centia, vid. Placentia. Bow*
gio, B 212. St. Julian, ik

FosneraiiH, an amphibious fori
of Pole-cats $ A 6%.
V v 1 Vote*,-

INDEX.

Foxes, fever al fort s, A 235.

Fred e ricks- bou rg, the Kjng
of Denmark1 j Palace, B.
239.

Frie^land, (Colintefsof) an in-
comparable Lady, B. 230.

Fronrensc (Mr. de ) concludes
a Peace with the Iroquefe,
A. 25. rein ft all* d Governour
of Cans da, 150. arrives at
Quebec, 152= is much e-
fteemd, 153, the Peace he
made of great importance,
ibid.

Frontenac (Fort of ) defer ib'd,
A. 3 1 . Qelinquiftid by Mr,
de Denonville, 149. a party
fent thither to repair it, 153.

G.

Galeras, a Spanifh, B.281. la
Galete, a Pafs of the t\iver
St. Laurence, A. 30.

Games of the Savages^ B. i3.

Ganeoufle, a fort 0/ Iroquefe
Viii age fu rpr i^d there, and
how iu d, St. y 1.

G a va c b o s a n Epithet given by

, the People of Arragon to the
French, B.280.

Gafpe Coaff% A. 172., 208.

Gaiperocs vid. Fifh.

Geometrical Problems, the
practice cf* cm. mofl furpri-
%ing to the Savages. B.15.

Germans compard vpith the
: French, B.i^o.

Gibraltar, the Kjng of Spain
• Might demand 'Toll at that
Speight, B. 240,

G 1 a i fe s . g rent con vex e?> es fur-
pricing to the Savages. B. 1 &

Gnacfirares, a Pcopie[ a. i i 9,
j 21. they take the Author

and his Men to be Spaniards,
122. their Governour, 123-
they reprefent the Country of
the Mozeemlec on a Deer's
Skin, A. 124.

Gold-colonr'd Fifh, vid. Fifh.

Golilla,^ Spaniih Collar B.282.

Goths, underftood Stereome-
try perfectly well.

Glucftat B. 222. defcribed B.
274-

Grangula, the Title of an Iro-
quefe Grandee, A. 35. his
Interview with Mr. de la
Barre, ibid.

Grapes of Canada, -4.250.

Guldenlew, the Title of the
natural Sons of the Kjng of
Denmark, B. 237.

H

Habit of the Savages, B. 6.

L'Habito de Crifto, the Kjng
<?/ Portugal^ Bgyal Order fe
call'd, B. 210.

Hamburgh, and the adjacent
Country defcribed, B. 222,
223.

Harangues of the old Savages
hi Sacrificing, B.32. Haran-
gues to the Corps of the De^
ceafed, B. 5 r .

Harts, ijoiv kjlfd, A. 59. 64.

Havre de Barre, what9B.i2%.

Hclene ( Mr. de St. ) A. 143 ,
164.

Heraldery. of the Savages, B,
' 84.

Hermaphrodites, 2?. 44.

I lierogivphicks of the Sava-
ges, 'B. 86.

Houies of the Savages, B. 6.

Hmv<i$i fee Birds.

Hudfoa

INDEX*

Hudfon (Cap*. Henry) A.no.

Hudfons Bay. See Bay.
Huefca, a Spanifh Town, B.

273.
Huguenot, the Author taken

for one, B. 26 9 . the Indifcre-

tion of the Bearnefe in the

taking of him* up, B. 270.
humours and Cuftoms of the

Savages, B. 7.
Hunting and Shooting amongfl

the Savage sy B. 55.
Hurons, A.\ 5,4 Brave \Aftive,

and Daring People, B. 4,
Hutts made upon the Water

for killing of fVater-FowL

A. 6u

I

Iberville ( Mr. D. ) hi Ex-
ploits near New- York, A.

T I55'

Jews , a Synagogue of true

Jews in Amfterdam, B.2 1 6.

Illinefe, very fmft in runnings

B. 4.

Imagination frightens Men of

true Courage , B. 26j.
infe&s, a Lift of thofe in Ca-
nada, A. 238.
Intereft of the French and

Englifh in North- America,

A. 299.
joliet ( Sieur ) a Canadan, A.

207.
Jongleurs, a fort of Quacks

amongfl the Savages t B. 47.

their Practices, ibid.
Jovenazo, a Duke, Viceroy of

Arragon, B. 276.
Journey , a Days Journey

amongfl the Savages, B. 37.
Xroquefe, their five Cantons.

A. 23. Allieioftke Englifh,

ibid, they voagd War with
the French almofl always
from their firfi Settlement
in Canada, 24. they are aU
ways upon Extr earns, 43J
their Incur fion into the I-
/land of Monre&l, 147, 148,
an In fiance of ft range In-
trepidity in an Iroquefe,
under mofi horrible Tor-
ment, 178.

Ifle of Fowls, A. 5. of Con-
dres, 5. 173. Red I/land,
Ibid. IJle of Anticofti, 5.
207. of Newfound-Land,
5. 225. of Orleans, n. of
Detour, 93. of Manitoua-
Hn, 93. 215. of Rencontre,
128. of Hares. 173. feven
Ifies, \bid.

Ifle 0/Martinico, A a 94. /' Ifle
Percee, 207, 320. Belle
IJle, 210.

IJles of Mingan, ibid.

V Ifle Aux Chevres, ^.224. of
St. Peter, 226.

K.

Kakalin, A. 109;

Kenebeki, the Fort taken
from the £nglifh by Mr, de
Portneuf, A. 156. it is one
of the Frontiers of New-
England, ^.220.

Kente, a Village, A. 71.

King of Portugal'* Charatler,
B. 191,

Kitchi Manitou, the Great
Spirit or God, fo calCd by the
Savages, B. 29.

Kitchi-Okima , the French
Governour General, fo called
by the Ouraouas and Hu-
rons, A. 64, Lake

INDEX.

L.

Lake of St. Peter, A. 19. of
Ontario or Frontenac, 23.
207, 216,219.0/$*. Fran-
cis, 30. of St. Louis, ibid.
of Champlain, 47, Lake of
St. Sacrament , ibid, of
Erie, Errie,^ Herrie,78.
82, 94, i8r, 206, 207. of
St. Clare, 83. of Huron,
ibid. 6? 143- *°7> *l5-
Illinefe Lake, 87. 139.
Great Salt Lake, 125, 126.
of Affinapouals , 207. of
Lenemipigon, ibid. Vpper
Lake, 207, 213, 214. of
Ccnti,2i7. of Nepicerini,
215. Lake 1'Ours qui dort,
B. 59. of Saguinan, ibid.

iahontan, (Baron de) the Au-
thor , his Barony fi!4, A.
151. his pajfage from Ca-
nada to France, 165, 166.
his Reception into the Order
of St. Lazarus, i6S„ goes
to Verfailles tofollicit^ for a
place, but in vaintfo.hisPaf-
fage from Rochel to Cana-
da>i7i>i72.i73-^ is made
Lord Lieutenant of the Jjle
0/Newfound-Land and A-
cadia,i88. his Difputesxvith
rfPonuguefe ?hyfician,i^,
190, 192. he fails from St.
Nazere and arrives at Pla-
centia, 19*- his Pa(fa£e
thence to Portugal, 200.

Laruus a Village in Beam, B.
269.

St. Laurence Bay. Sec Bay j..

St. Laurence RJver defcrib'd,

Leaders of the Savage Nations

B.75-

League of Portugal, See Mea-

fures.
Lemipifaki, a place where the

Coureurs de Bois meet

withfome Savages for trade \

A. 214.

Licences for Trade :, what*

A. tf.

Lille, the Inn-keepers between
that place and Paris, itnfofe
upon Travellers , B. 253.

Limit (La Hontan^) A. 128.

Lisbon defer i b" d , B. 192. G?

fit*

Lorete, a Village, A.\ 5,16,17*
Loudun, the Story of the Cu-
rate of that place ^ B. 263.
Lubec defcribed B. 224, 225.

M.

Maple-trees. See Trees. ^ ^
Maps of the Savages defer ib d>

B. 13.

Maringouins or Midges very
troublefem in Canada, A.

3i-

Marriage of the Savages, See
Amours. A Comical Adven-
ture of a young Captain
prefs^d to marry againft his
will, A. 265.
St. Mary Cape, A. 183.

Marchi-manitous, evil Spirits
Co cali'd by the Savages, B*

3°'
Meafures cf the Portuguefe,

B. 210. of she Dutch, B*

219.
Meaupou ( Chevalier de ) A*

170.
Memory, the Savages have a
mojt

INDEX.

moft happy Memory, B 17.

Mendofa ( Balthafar de ) a
learn d Cavalier,B 255,256.

Meneval (Mr. de) A 222.

Mefon, a Spanifh Inn. B 227.

Michal (Sieur St.) A 180.

Michibiki, fee Animals.

Midwives, Savage Women de-
livered without their AJfift*
ance, B41. -

Military Arc of the Savages,
B 71.

Mines of Silver in Norway,
B 241.

Misfortune, an odious Term
to the Savages , B 2r.

Miffilimakinac. The Trade
of the Inhabitants of that
Country with the French,
A 48, 136. None of them
will touch Gold or Silver, 50.
The diverfity of Currents
betwixt the Continent and
Ifle of that Name% 89.

Miififipi River, A 104, m,
128, 132, 134,206.

Moine (Mr. le) A 34.

Monks very lewd in Portugal,
B197.

Money current in Portugal,
B 209, 210, in Holland,
B 218, 219.

Monreal. The Town and, I-
Jland of that Name defer iVd,
A 1 9, 20. The Curates very
jealous there , 46. The
Trade of Monreal, 51. The
Incurfion of the Barbarians
into thatlftand, 148.

Months of the Savages, B 14.

Monts-notre-dame , A 183,
208.

Moon. Left Moon, and dead

. Mocnfwhat,B 14.

Moor-hens, (he furpri^ing
Noife of the flapping of their
Wings, A 67.

Moracin (Sieur de) B 218.

Mozeemlek, a numerous war-
like People, A 119, i243
125, 126.

Mules of Portugal, B 198.

Mufick-houfes <?/Amfterdam,
B 217. '

Musk-Rats defcriUd, A 62.

N.

Nadoueffis, a People, A 128.
A notable Rencounter Jtwixt
300 of them, and 400 Iro-
quefe, 129.

Names amongfb the Savages
derivdfrom the Mother, B
43.

Nations, a Lift of the Savage
Nations ^Canada, A 230,

Nazere (St.) A 187.

Needle of the Compafs, how
it turns upon the Coaft af
New-found-land, A 3.

Nelfon (Captain) Am*

New-Holland, ibid.

New- York, ibid.

Niagara, a Fort built therel
A 78. The Water-fall of
Niagara defcritid, 82. The
Fort relinquifyd by Mr. de
Denonville, 149.

Nightingales, fee Birds.

Nuns of Odiveta, B 202,

O.

Odenzee, a Town in Fionia
belonging to the KJng of
Denmark, B245. ^e Peo-
ple of the Place murdcr'd
one of their Kings, B ibid*

INDEX.

Onontio, a title given by the
Iroquefe to the Governour
General of Canada, A 39.

Opede (Mr. de) Ambajfador
at the Court of Lisbon, B
194.

Oreouache , a notable Iro-
qnek Slave, A 1.54.

Orignal or Elk defcrlfrd, A

57.
Ortez, a town in Beam, B
267

Pompernicklej acoarfe fort of
Bread, B 234.

Poncharrram (Monfieur de )
Succejfor to Monfieur de
Seignelay,A 167. that M/-
nlfters Attendance , B 168.
£//V Injuftlce to the Author^

B253.

Porcupine. How one of them

was kjird, A 63.
Port of Placentia, fee Placers

tia.

Otters how taken with traps, Port-neuf , A 173. Porc-

A6\.
Otiabach, a tfjver, A 133.

P.

Pagan (Count) B 187.
Parrots of Canada, fee Birds.
PafTe des Canfeaux, Am.

Royal, 222, 224.
Port of Lisbon, fee Lisbon.
Of Amfterdam, fee Amfter-

dam.
Porto a Porto, and the R^oad

thither from V\anaidefcrib''d9

B 188, 189,190.
Portochoua, A 210.

Pan, */*? Capital City of Beam, Portugal. T/><? Nobility and

B265

Peace, /;<?# concluded amovgfl
the Savages, B 82.

Peronne. T/jc Cuftom~houfe
Officers fearch there very
narrowly, B

Perrot (Mr.) A 222.

Petit Nord, Alio.

Pnips (S*V William) General
of the Forces of New-Eng-
land, A \6i.

St. Pierre de Rcpantigni (Mr.
de) A 136.

Placentia attacked by the Eng-
lifh, A 183, 194. the Fort
and Port defcrlbW, 227.

FUcetce, a French Huguenot
in Denmark, B 23c

Plantation of the Sun, A in.

Piante (Sieur de la) A 176.

Platonick Love cenfnrd, B

Point* Vene, A 168.

Gentry there defcrlvd, B
194. Cuftorn of the Women
in form er tlm es, 2 o 1 . Cha-
racter of the Portuguefe,
203, 207. the Habit of
the King and Grandees, 205.
the Country briefly defer lb d
207. the Fay of their Offi-
cers, 208. their troops
III dlfclpllnd, 209.

Pofados, Inns upon the Road
in Portugal, with their Ac-
commodations, B 192, 193,

Prado [Count de) B 207.

Prelates preferrd without re~
gird to Merit, B 272.

Priefts impofe upon the Peo-

Property, no dlfitntlion of it
d'morigft the Savages, and
their M-txim for it, B 8.

IN DEX

Q-

Qualifications of a Man a-
mongft the Savages, B. 9,

Quebec , the Metropolis of
New-France , A. 6. the
defer ipt ion of it, ibid. & fee/.
the foveraign Council held
there, 14. the manner of
f leading there, and travel"
ing in Winter by St edges,
ibid. Quebec fortified by
Mr. de Callieres Governour,
45. the Ice thicker, there in
October, than in January
at Paris, 153.

Quente, -^.32.

R.

Rackets, Inftruments us'd in
Hunting, their defer ipt ion,

A. 56.

Rat, one of the Commanders of
the Hurons, A. 136. 144.
his Stratagem to prevent a
Peace between the French
WIroquefe, 145./^.

Rattle-Snake. See Infetl.

Rensbonrgh belongs to his Da-
niiti Ma jefiy, B. 247. '

Revenclaw, a Danifli Mi-
nifier, B. 231.

Rivera/ TadoufTac , -4. ,5.
of Famine, A. 34. du Fer.
47. Sand River, 86. Long
River, 104, no, 112. Ri-
ver of Puants, 109, in.

B. 59. of Ouifconfinck, A.
in. of the Illinefe, 134.
of the Oumamis, 135,137.
of Lieore, 143. o/Nipice-
rinis , ibid, of Outaouass

ibid. G? 144. des Francois,
143. 215. of Kenebeki ,
176. o/Machakandibi,2i3.
of Michipileoton, ibid, of
Tanouate, 216. 0/Sakinac,
216. 0/Conde, 218. of
Ganaraske and Teonon*
tate, Toronto and Tana-
ouate, 219, of St. John,
220. Lima River, B, 187.
Taio River, B. 195. Elbe
River, B. 221, 222. Lisbon
River, See Lisbon.

Roskild, the Kjngs of Den*
mark buried there, B. 235.

Rouan, a Colony fent thence to
Canada, A. 206.

Rozembourgh, the King of
Denmarks Palace, B. 228,

Sacrifices of the Savages, B.

31.

Salle (Mr.de) A. 45.

Salmendina, Chief Juftice of
Arragon, B. 277.

Salient , the firft Village in
Spain, on the fide of Bearn*
B273.

Salubeni ( Mr. de) A. 168.

Saragoza the Capital City of
Arragon, defer itid,B. 275.
the humour of the Inhabi-
tants, B 27&

Saftaretfi, the name of a Leadr
er of the Hurons, B. 43.

Savages of North -America,
their Habits, Honfes, Com-
plexion , Sec. See the ref-
petlive words.

Saut de la Chaudiere, A. r 5,

du Buiffon, 30. des Ce-

dres , ibid, de St, Louis,,

ibid.

INDEX.

ibid. long Saut, ibid. &
142. Saut St. Marie, 90,
93.215.

SchombergfMr.de) B. 187.
Scurvy ifs true Caufes , B.

238.
Seignelay (Mr. de) the Au-
thor's Letter to him, A. 91:
Mr.de Frontenac^ Letter
of Recommendation to him,
166. his Death, ibid.
Senoria, a Title, 6.187.

Siffleurs, little Beafis, A. 6z«

Silver calTd by the Savages,
the French Serpent , they
will no: touch it, B. 7.

Singing and Dancing of the
Savag?s before Meat, B. 9.

Sloops, Flemifli ones admira-
ble fit for failing up the
South fide of the River of
St. Laurence, B. 219.

Snufhbox favd the Author
wonderfully, B. 270.

Song of Death, A. 178. 251.

Songs of the Savages at Sacri-
fice, B. 33. Songs of War,
B. 76.

Sophia Princefs of Denmark,
an incomparable Lady , B.
229.

Sorei a Canton defcrWd, A.
19.

Souffleurs, See Fijh.

Souls, why thought immortal
by the Savages, B. 2o. how
derivd in their Opinion, B.

. 43-

Souza (Don John of) B. 187.

Spaniards, the Ceremony they
ufe in vifits, B.283. their O-
pinion of the French,B. 28 5 .

Spirit, apply d by the Savages
So every thing that fur pajfes

their underfianding] and fur-
prices them, B. 29.
Good and bad Spirits amongfi

them, what B. 29, 30.
Stereometry, the Savages are

very curious to learn it, B,

15.
Stoves for fweating defcrifrd,

B. 49.
Sund, that Streight defcriVd,

B. 240. it is not fo clear a

Faff age as 'tis took, to bet

p. B..241.
Superftition and Ignorance

have fir ange effetls, B. 270.
Sword-fitfi engages a Whale,

A.5.

Tazon, fpace of three Leagues
'mongfi the Gnacfitares, At.
123.

Thfcano , PythagorasV Wife
her Joules obfervd by the
Women of Arragon, p.

Theonontate the ancient Seat
of the Hurons, A. 94. 21 6»

Time how divided by fome of
the Savage Nations, B. 14.

Tonti ( Mr. de) A. 135.

TouchefAir.de h) A. 168.

Tradition, the Auth. thoughts
of it, B. 2.

Trompet Caftle at Bour-
deaux, B. 256.

Tree of Peace what, A. 42.

Trees, a lift of thefe in Ca-
nada, A. 247.

Trigenties, a People of the
colour of Corn, B. .204.

Trois Rivieres, afmall City.,
A. p. 17.

Trool, a Noble Danifl) Fornix

INDEX.

ly, that hears the Devil in
their Arms, B. 245.
Tfonontouans, the French
march again/i them, and are
pit into diforder, A.j$,j6.

V.

Valieres ( Abbot of St. ) made

Bifhop 0/Quebec, A. 103.
Valrenes (Mr. de) A. 149.
Vaudreuil (Mr. de) faves the

Author s Life, A. 144*
Verafan ( John ) firft difcovc-

rer of Canada, A. 206.
Viana defcrib'd, R 187.
Vifions fee Witchcraft ,
Wfits of the Savages how per*

forrrid, B. 13.

W,

War, how declared amongfi

the Savages \ B. 82.
Wat, the ebfeription of it, B.

221.
Wellcomes, a name for huge

Bumpers in Denmark, B.

232.
Widowhood, the flate of it

amongfl the Savages, B.43.
Wines 0/ Portugal, B. 200.
The qualities of Arragon

Wine, B. 277.
Witchcraft flrangely talked of

in the French Beam, B.

257. Arguments again ft it%

B. 259. Books for it, B.262*
Wood hens, fee Moorhens.
Worihip of the Savages, B.29.,

Y.

Tear of fever al of the Savage
Nations defcribed, B. 14.

FINIS.

0^O°\0

C.A. CARPENTER, JR.

BOOKBINDER
SHREWSBURY, MASS,

3 BURY,